1. Global interactions c. 1450 C.E. to c. 1750 c.e.
AP WORLD HISTORY ERA #4

2. 4.1 Globalizing networks of communication & exchange
I. Existing regional patterns of trade intensified in the context of the new global circulation of goods: prosperity & disruption for merchants & govt.s involved in Indian Ocean, the Sahara, the Mediterranean & overland Eurasian trade
II. Euro. tech. developments in maps & navigation built on previous knowledge from Classical, Islamic, & Asian worlds: Prince Henry the Navigator's school / use of the caravel & Dutch fluyts
III. A remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred: Spanish sponsorship of 1st Columbian & subsequent voyages across the Atlantic & Pacific
IV. The new global circulation of goods was aided by chartered Euro. monopoly companies & flow of silver from Spanish colonies: British & Dutch East India Companies
V. New connections between the Eastern & Western Hemispheres: Columbian Exchange
VI. Increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres & intensification of connections with hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions & contributed to religious conflict & creation of syncretic belief systems: spread of Christianity in Americas, Protestant Reformation / development of Sikhism
VII: As merchants profits increased & govt.s collected more taxes, funding for the arts increased leading to greater literacy & scientific inquiry: Scientific Revolution

3. 4.2 new forms of social organization & modes of production
I. Starting in the 14th century a decrease in mean temps. (the Little Ice Age) lasting until the 19th century contributed to changes in agricultural practices & settlements in parts of Northern Hemisphere: Rise of the potato throughout Euro.
II. Traditional peasant agriculture increased & changed, plantations expanded, & demand for labor increased as these changes both fed & responded to growing global demand for goods: Encomienda system, African chattel slavery
III. As social & political elites changed, they also restructured ethnic, racial, & gender hierarchies: new elites like Manchus in China, Creoles in Spanish America / smaller size of Euro. families, demographic changes in Africa because of slavery

4. 4.3 state consolidation & imperial expansion
I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize & consolidate their power: Euro. notions of divine right, Ottoman devshrime system, Mughal's Taj Mahal
II. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, & armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres: Russian & Ottoman land empires expanded / Dutch, Spanish, French, Portuguese & British maritime empires in Americas
III. Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, & local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation & expansion: Ottomans vs. Safavids, Thirty Years War, / Samurai revolts