1. Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 – 1800
Chapter 14
Europe and the New World:
New Encounters, 1500 – 1800

2. Timeline

3. On the Brink of a New World
Motives
Fantastic lands
The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)
Economic motives
Wanting access to Asia for precious metals & trade
The Polos
Religious Zeal
God, Gold, and Glory!

4. Means Centralization of political authority
Remember our activity re: who gained political control during the Reformation?
Maps
Portolani
Quadrant
Astrolabe
Ptolemy’s Geography (printed editions available from 1477 on)
Ships and Sailing
Naval technology: compass, stern-post rudder, lateen rig
Knowledge of wind patterns
Military Technology
Horses
Guns and gunpowder

5. Ptolemy’s World Map

6. The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460)
The Portuguese in India
Bartholomeu Dias (c – 1500)
Vasco da Gama (c – 1524)
Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope
Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462 – 1515)
Commercial – Military bases
In Search of Spices
Portuguese expansion
Reasons for Portuguese success
Guns
Seamanship

7. Map 14.1: Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

8. Voyages to the New World
Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506)
Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492)
Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)
Additional Discoveries
John Cabot
Pedro Cabral
Amerigo Vespucci
Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521)
Circumnavigates the Earth
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Divides the New World
Line between Cape Verde islands (already Portuguese) Cuba and Hispaniola (already Spanish)

9. The Spanish Empire in the New World
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
The Maya
The Aztecs
The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547)
Moctezuma (Montezuma)
Aztec Empire overthrown

10. Slaughter of the Natives

11. The Spanish Empire, Continued
The Inca and the Spanish
Pachakuti
Inca buildings and roads
Francisco Pizarro (c – 1541)
Smallpox
Incas overthrown (1535)
Administration of the Spanish Empire
Encomienda
“ The Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development, and maintenance of infrastructure. In return, the natives would provide tributes in the form of metals, maize, wheat, pork or any other agricultural product. In the first decade of Spanish presence in the Caribbean, Spaniards divided up the natives, who in some cases were worked relentlessly.”
Viceroys
The Church

12. Africa: The Slave Trade
Origins of the Slave Trade
Sugar cane and slavery
Growth of the Slave Trade
Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
The Middle Passage: high death rate during transit
Prisoners of war
Effects of the Slave Trade
Depopulation of African kingdoms
Political effects of slave trade
Criticism of slavery
Abolition and the Quakers

13. The Sale of Slaves

14. A Sugar Mill in the West Indies

15. Map 14.2: Triangular Trade Route in the Atlantic Economy

17. The West in Southeast Asia
Portugal
Spain
The Dutch and the English
Local Kingdoms (Burma, Siam, and Vietnam)

18. The French and the British in India
The Mughal Empire
The Impact of the Western Powers
Portugal
England
The Dutch and the French
Sir Robert Clive
The East India Company
Battle of Plassey (1757)

19. China & Japan China Japan Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644) Qing Dynasty
Western inroads
Russia
England
Limited contact
Japan
Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616)
Opening to the West
The Portuguese
Initially visitors welcomed
Catholic missionaries
The Dutch

20. The Americas Spain and Portugal The West Indies North America
The British and the French
The “Sugar Factories”
North America
The Dutch
New Netherlands
The English
Jamestown (1607)
Thirteen Colonies
The French
Canada

21. Toward a World Economy Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
Inflation
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
Joint stock trading companies
New economic institutions
The Bank of Amsterdam
Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange)
Agriculture

22. “Whether the influx of precious metals from the New World, the availability of cheap labor overseas, or the general population increase within Europe caused the “price revolution” (rising inflation), the phenomenon of increasing prices and decreasing wages that fueled and enabled increased commercial investment is referred to as the “Commercial Revolution.” Overseas markets expanded and joint-stock companies with large amounts of capital were able to make unprecedented profits on their investments, which created a new merchant class. The “price revolution” resulted in goods being more expensive (increased revenue) and labor being cheaper (increased profit). Overall, the standard of living declined for the lower class, while the landed aristocracy and merchant class became wealthier.”

23. Mercantilism Total volume of trade unchangeable
Economic activity = war through peaceful means
Importance of bullion and favorable balance of trade
State Intervention

24. Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization
Transoceanic trade very valuable
Intra-European Trade
Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East, and the Americas

25. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered
Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa
Less impact in Asia
Multiracial society in Latin America
Ecology
Catholic Missionaries
Conversion of native populations
Hospitals, orphanages and schools
The Jesuits in Asia
Conversions in China
Japan

26. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors
Opportunities for women
Economic Effects
Gold and silver
Exchange of plants and animals
Impact on European Lifestyle
Chocolate, coffee and tea
European Rivalries
New Views of the World
Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map
Psychological Impact

27. A Seventeenth-Century World Map

28. Map 14.3: The Columbian Exchange