1. Types of Learning Associative Learning: Classical Conditioning
Behavior is associated with paired stimuli
unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yields an unconditioned response (UCR)
a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
until the UCS alone (now the CS) yields a conditioned response (CR)
Ivan Pavlov
Operant Conditioning
Behavior is associated with rewards
Reinforcement
Punishment
B. F. Skinner

2. Classical Conditioning

3. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Punishment
is any procedure that increases the response
Positive Reinforcement
adding or presenting a stimulus that increases the response
Negative Reinforcement
removing a stimulus that increases the response
Punishment
is any procedure that decreases the response

4. Types of Memory
(iconic memory)
(7 bits for 30seconds)

5. Types of Long-Term Memory
Explicit
Implicit
conscious
recall
learned
skills
personally
experienced
events
general
facts
motor or
cognitive
activation of
associations
associative
learning

6. Memory Processes
Step 2
Step 1
Step 3
Retrieval

7. Where is Memory Stored?
Brain Impairment lead us to clues about learning and memory HM
Extreme seizures forced the removal of:
medial basal regions of the temporal lobe (bilaterally)
most of the amygdala (bilaterally)
all of the hippocampus (bilaterally)
Result:
Retrograde amnesia
loss of some past memories
Anterograde amnesia
loss of the ability to form new memories
Hippocampus is critical for the formation of new memories

8. HM
Implicit Memory Intact
No Explicit Memory

9. Hippocampus is Critical for Spatial Learning
Rats must remember which doors have the reward

10. Caudate Nucleus Critical for Response Recognition Memory
Must turn in same direction to get reward (remembers its own response)

11. Visual Cortex is Critical for Sensory Perception
Rat must choose object that doesn’t match sample

12. Memory Areas
Amygdala
Caudate
Hippocampus
Visual Cortex

13. Cellular Mechanism for Learning
Hebbian Synapse:
Frequent stimulation can change the efficacy of a synapse

14. Enrichment Protocol
Impoverished
Enriched

15. Quantifying Dendritic Arborization

16. Neurobiological Changes via Learning
Dendritic changes:
Increased dendritic arborization
Increased dendritic bulbs
Synaptic changes:
More neurotransmitter release
More sensitive postsynaptic area
Larger presynaptic areas
Larger postsynaptic areas
Increased interneuron modulation
More synapses formed
Increased shifts in synaptic input
Physiological changes:
Long-Term Potentiation
Long-Term Depression

17. Hippocampal Brain Slicing

18. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
each triangle represents a single
action potential
Slope of
the EPSP
(one characteristic measure of an action potential)
baseline response
potentiated response
Hippocampus has a three synaptic pathway
Stimulate one area (mossy fibers) and record the action potentials in another (CA1)
Stimulate multiple times to get a baseline response
Once a stable baseline is established give a brief high frequency stimulating pulse
Use the same stimulating pulse as in baseline but now see a potentiated response
This potentiated response can last hours, days, or even weeks (LTP)

19. Normal Synaptic Transmission
Glutamate Channels:
NMDA
Mg2+ block
no ion flow
AMPA
Na+ flows in
depolarizes cell

20. LTP Induction With repeated activation
the depolarization drives the Mg2+ plug out of the NMDA channels
Ca2+ then rushes in through the NMDA channels
Ca2+ stimulates a retrograde messenger to maintain LTP
Ca2+ also stimulates CREB to activate plasticity genes

21. LTP-induced Neural Changes

22. Learning Requires Protein Synthesis!
Anisomycin: (protein synthesis inhibitor) blocks long term memory