1. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
For Wed. Oct. 11 Please print out this powerpoint and fill in the portions with a red * in front of them

2. The Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland

3. I. The Endocrine System: An Overview
*Overall Function =
B. *Uses Chemicals =
C. *Control and Integration of what:
*Endocrine Glands
E. *Neuroendocrine Gland =
*Chemicals similar to Hormones:
*Autocrines:
*Paracrines:

4. II. Hormones Charateristics A. The Chemistry of Hormones
1. *Types
*Amino acid based:
*Water Solubility?
*Examples
*Steroids:
- *Water Solubility?
- *Examples

5. B. Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Overview
a) *Target cells = ?
b) *Number Organ systems affected?
Typical Affects:
Text Page 597
*Receptor =
*Receptor
Location:
Lipid Hormones
Non=Lipid Hormones

6. B. Mechanisms of Hormone Activity … Two Main Mechanisms
2. Plasma Membrane Receptors:
a. *Type Chemical:
- except:
*Second Messenger (indirect):
c. The Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism
Hormone binds to:
Second messenger produced:
Hormones that act via cAMP:
Epinephrine ACTH FSH
LH Glucagon PTH
TSH Calcitonin
hormone
receptor 6

7. Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor.
1. Plasma Membrane Receptors and Second-Messenger Systems … a. The Cyclic AMP Signaling Mechanism …
Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor. 1
Extracellular fluid
Receptor
Cytoplasm
Figure 16.2, step 1

8. Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor.
Extracellular fluid
Adenylate cyclase
Receptor
cAMP (2nd messenger) is produced. 4
GDP
Cytoplasm
Figure 16.2, step 4

9. Which triggers responses1
Hormone (1st messenger) binds receptor.
Extracellular fluid
Adenylate cyclase 5
cAMP activates protein kinases.
G protein (GS)
Receptor
cAMP (2nd messenger)is produced. 4
GDP
Inactive protein kinase
Active protein kinase
Which triggers responses
Cytoplasm
Figure 16.2, step 5

10. B. Mechanisms of Hormone Activity … Two Main Mechanisms
3. Intracellular Receptors:
a. *Type Chemical:
Intracellular Receptors
c. Intracellular Receptors and Direct Gene Activation
Entrance of Hormone:
Receptor binds to:
Activated Gene:
Protein produced
changes
d. *Examples of Hormones
lipid hormone
receptor 10

11. B. Mechanisms of Hormone Activity …:
Lipid Hormone
Receptor 1

12. Receptor-hormone enters nucleus.
Steroid hormone
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid 1
Cytoplasm
Receptor protein
Receptor- hormone complex 2
Receptor-hormone enters nucleus.
Nucleus
Figure 16.3, step 2

13. binds to a specific DNA sequence).
Steroid hormone
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid
Cytoplasm
Receptor protein
Receptor- hormone complex
Hormone response elements
Nucleus 3
binds to a specific DNA sequence).
DNA
Figure 16.3, step 3

14. transcription. Steroid hormone Plasma membrane Extracellular fluid1
Cytoplasm
Receptor protein
Receptor- hormone complex 2
Hormone response elements
Nucleus 3
DNA
transcription. 4
mRNA
Figure 16.3, step 4

15. – an enzyme, structural protein, a secretion, etc…
Steroid hormone
Plasma membrane
Extracellular fluid 1
Cytoplasm
Receptor protein
Receptor- hormone complex 2
Hormone response elements
Nucleus 3
DNA 4
mRNA
protein synthesis.
 new protein
– an enzyme, structural protein, a secretion, etc… 5
New protein
Figure 16.3, step 5

16. II. Hormone Characteristics …
C. Interactiion of Hormones at Target Cells
Permissiveness:
Example:
Synergism:
Antagonism:

17. D. Control of Hormone Release-- Homeostasis
1. Control by Negative Feedback Loops
A Stimulus:
Control Center:
Effector:
Results:
Feedback to Endocrine Gland 
Calcium homeostasis of blood 9–11 mg/100 ml
Rising blood Ca2+
levels
Thyroid gland releases calcitonin
Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood
PTH
Calcitonin
Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone
Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Falling blood Ca2+ levels
Imbalance

18. C. Control of Hormone Release …
2. Endocrine Gland Stimuli–3
a. Humoral Stimuli (simplest)
Humoral =
Ends when:
Hormones:
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Insulin

19. 2. Endocrine Gland Stimuli …
b. Neural Stimuli =
Examples = Sympathetic Nervous System to Adrenal Gland interaction
c. Hormonal Stimuli (most complex) i)
Hormones:
Example: Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Interactions

20. 1. Endocrine Gland Stimuli …
iii EXAMPLE:Hypothalamic and Pituitary Gland interactions
- Uses Negative Feedback
Hypothalamus Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones:
Function: Stimulate or Inhibit the release of the Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
Function: Produce Stimulating Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
Final Hormone of feedback loop:
it negatively feeds back to stop the Hypothalamus and Pituitary from releasing their hormones

21. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Suggestion: Make notecards with Endocrine Gland Images – include targets, affects, and regulation (control loops)

22. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Table 9.1 (1 of 4) 22

23. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Table 9.1 (3 of 4) 23

24. Major Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Table 9.1 (4 of 4) 24

25. MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus A
MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus A. HYPOTHALAMUS
Hormones produced in Hypo, but released by Ant Pit.
1. OVERVIEW: two types of H.
a) *Hormones that go
to the Anterior Pituitary via blood are called what?
Affect Pituitary’s release of its own hormones
Hormones that go to the Posterior Pituitary via axons
Travel to Post Pituitary
Hormones are released from the Posterior Pituitary
The go to a target organ and have some effect.
Releasing &
Inhibiting Hormones
Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary

26. A. HYPOTHALAMUS … Hypo. Hormones that go to the Posterior Pituitary
*Posterior Pituitary Tissue:
*Hormones are made in the hypothalamus, but move to where?
*Using what structures?
*Which are located where?
*In post Pit: hormones are stored in what?
*and then released how?
Hormones are: Oxytocin and ADH 1

27. Relationships of Posterior Pituitary & HYPO.
Hypothalamas
synthesizes oxytocin
and ADH. 1
Paraventricular
nucleus
Hypothalamus
Supraoptic
nucleus
Oxytocin and ADH
transported along
hypothalamic-hypophyseal
tract to pituitary. 2
Optic chiasma
Infundibulum
(connecting stalk)
Inferior
hypophyseal artery
Hypothalamic-
hypophyseal
tract
Oxytocin and ADH
stored in axon terminals
in posterior pituitary. 3
Axon
terminals
Oxytocin and ADH
released into blood
when neurons fire. 4
Posterior
lobe of
pituitary
Oxytocin
ADH
(a) Relationship between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

28. to the Anterior Pituitary *Are what type?
A. Hypothalamus …
3. Hormones that go
to the Anterior Pituitary
*Are what type?
General Naming Rule: Name of Anterior
Pituitary Hormone followed by Releasing or Inhibiting Hormone
*Produced & Released in:
*Hormones carried in what?
Via special blood vessels = Hypophyseal Portal System which:
*Then: Anterior Pituitary responds by:
Releasing &
Inhibiting Hormones
1st Capillary Plexus
Hypophseal Portal Veins
2nd Capillary Plexus