1. Physical and Mental Demands of Performance

2. Fatigue and Stress Fatigue
“Fatigue is the feeling of extreme physical or mental tiredness brought on by extreme exertion”
Effects of fatigue:
May not be able to continue what you are doing
Concentration levels will drop which will lead to mistakes
Skill levels decrease as speed and strength decrease
If you continue when you are fatigued you are risking suffering an injury

4. Fatigue and Stress Stress
“Stress is the body’s reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment”
Excitement or suspense can lead to tension, which may result in tightness in your muscles.
Anxiety can make you feel uneasy and apprehensive before a performance. This is likely to lead to mistakes.
However most performers like a certain level of anxiety to help them focus.
If stress levels are high motivation levels are likely to decrease.

5. Injury Internally Caused Injuries
These are injuries where the performer is solely responsible.
Overuse Injuries: examples are tennis elbow and stress fractures
Sudden Injuries: examples are pulled hamstring and twisted ankles

6. Injury Externally Caused Injuries
These are caused by factors other than the performer.
Foul play: an example is a bad tackle from an opponent which is against the rules
Impact injuries: an example is a good tackle in rugby or being hit by a cricket ball
Equipment: an example is a broken goal, poor equipment
Accidents: an example is being hit in the face by the ball in football

7. Injury Precautions
The following should be carried out to reduce the risk of injury:
Full risk assessment
Correct warm-up
Rules should be clear, followed and enforced

9. First Aid and Emergencies Common Injuries
Head Injuries: make sure the person can breathe, call for help
Fractures: signs are pain in the area, abnormal shape of area and swelling
Hypothermia: rapid cooling of the body, keep them warm and dry, call for help

10. First Aid and Emergencies Joint and Muscle Injuries
These include sprains, strains, pulled muscles and cramps.
Use RICE principle to deal with them.
Rest - Stop straight away and rest injury
Ice - Apply ice to the injured area
Compression – Put on a bandage or tape to support the area
Elevation – Try to raise the blood part to decrease circulation to the area

11. The Respiratory System Breathing

12. The Respiratory System Gaseous Exchange
“Gaseous exchange is the process where oxygen is taken in from the air and exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli” “The alveoli are small air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place”

13. The Respiratory System Aerobic Respiration
“Aerobic respiration is respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen”
Glucose + Oxygen  Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water
Used in long distance events when the body is working for a long period of time

15. The Respiratory System Anaerobic Respiration
“Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces lactic acid as a by-product” Glucose  Energy + Lactic Acid This system is used when we can’t supply our muscles with oxygen. Such as very short events (weightlifting + 100m sprint) and the end of endurance events

17. The Respiratory System Oxygen Debt
After working anaerobically we build up an oxygen debt
When we work this system we use glycogen stores instead of oxygen.
This means we have an oxygen debt which we must repay when we have finished exercising.
We also experience a build up of lactic acid, which causes pain.
This is dispersed during a warm-down.

18. The Respiratory System Removing Waste Products
During recovery we must remove waste products, we do this through:
Expiration: removes carbon dioxide from our lungs
Perspiration: sweat to remove excess water from our body
Excretion: removes excess fluid and other waste products from lactic acid

19. The Circulatory System Functions
The blood carries oxygen, water and nutrients through the body and transports and removes waste.
Protection is provided by antibodies, which fight infections. Found in white blood cells.

21. The Circulatory System Blood Vessels
Arteries – take blood AWAY from the heart. They have thick walls and carry oxygenated blood at high pressure. Veins – carry blood BACK to the heart. They have thin walls and carry deoxygenated blood. Capillaries – link arteries and veins with very thin walls.

23. The Cardiovascular System Effects of Exercise
Increase in your breathing rate
Increase in your heart rate
Increase in your blood pressure

24. The Cardiovascular Endurance Testing Cardio Endurance
Resting pulse rate: the lower the rate the better your endurance is
Pulse recovery rate: the quicker this returns to normal the higher your endurance is