1. MAGIC LENS grammar study
Ms. Ripley
English 10 – Fall 2013

2. This is our $1,000,000 question…
What is grammar?

3. Grammar is a way of thinking about language.
What is grammar?
Grammar is a way of thinking about language.
Please get used to this response… We will discuss this every time we work on grammar!

4. Four-Level analysis system
Begins with comprehensive lectures on the four levels of traditional grammar, followed by cumulative reviews, applications, and appreciations of grammar
Parts of Speech
Parts of a Sentence
Phrases
Clauses

5. Four-Level analysis system
I have been so grieved for you.
Parts
Of Speech __________________________________________________________
Parts of
Sentence __________________________________________________________
Phrases __________________________________________________________
Clauses __________________________________________________________

6. Four-Level analysis system
I have been so grieved for you.
Parts
Of Speech __________________________________________________________
Parts of
Sentence __________________________________________________________
Phrases __________________________________________________________
Clauses __________________________________________________________
Pro Verb verb adv Adj Prep Pro.
Subj predicate Subj. Complement
Prep. Phrase------
One clause, a simple declarative sentence

7. Four-level analysis system
Advantages to this System:
Disconnected experiences are replaced by 4-level analysis
Definitions are enhanced by word analysis
Grammar is explained in terms of SYSTEMS
Patterns are emphasized
Fragmented rules are consolidated
ONCE YOU FIGURE OUT HOW TO USE THE SYSTEM, YOU’RE GOLDEN!

8. Level One: PARTS OF SPEECH

9. 8 parts of speech
First, the chart is organized / grouped in a very specific way.
Do you have 8 friends?
Do you know where they live?
Do you know where they work?
If so, then you can know the parts of speech!
For each Part of Speech, you get:
(1) A Definition, and (2) A Job.

10. NOUNS Definition: the name of a person, place, thing, or idea
Job: must be either subjects or objects; they think they’re in control.

11. NOUNS ARE EITHER
SUBJECTS
OBJECTS

12. PRONOUNS Definition: a word that takes the place of a noun.
Job: by definition, it must be either a subject or an object.

13. PRONOUNS ARE EITHER
SUBJECTS
OBJECTS

14. ADJECTIVES
Definition: a word that modifies (or describes) a noun or pronoun.
Job: answers the questions, “What kind?”, “Which one?”, or “How many?”

15. WHAT INFORMATION DOES IT GIVE YOU?
ADJECTIVES ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
What kind?
Which One?
How Many?

16. VERBS Definition: a word that shows action or state of being
Job: either linking or action verbs

17. VERBS ARE EITHER
LINKING
ACTION

18. ADVERBS
Definition: a word that modifies (or describes) a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Job: answers the questions: Where, When, Why, How, To what extent?

19. WHAT INFORMATION DOES IT GIVE YOU?
ADVERBS ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
Where?
When?
Why?
How?
To what extent?

20. CONJUNCTIONS
Definition: a word that joins two words or groups of words.
Job: either coordinating or subordinating

21. WHAT INFORMATION DOES IT GIVE YOU?
Most Common Conjunctions:
For
And
Nor
But Or
Yet So

22. PREPOSITIONS
Definition: a word that shows the relationship between words or objects.
Job: introduces a phrase & serves as an adjective or adverb

23. INTERJECTIONS
Definition: a word that shows emotion but has no grammatical function
Job: None!

24. Level TWO: PARTS OF a SENTENCE (Sentence patterns)
Parts of a Sentence (Patterns)

25. 6 patterns of a sentence
While we have 8 Parts of Speech, we only have 6 different sentence patterns. Sentence Parts: Complete sentences are made up of a #SUBJECT and a #PREDICATE

26. 2 parts of a sentence SUBJECT PREDICATE
Names the “do-er” or “be-er” of the sentence (Who/What is verbing?)
Also includes any modifying words or phrases (such as adj.)
“The cat in the hat comes back.”
PREDICATE
Begins with the verb and does the rest of the work in the sentence.
“The cat in the hat comes back.”

27. Subject / Verb (S+V) Verb can either be action or linking Example:
“Kate screamed.”

28. Subject / Verb (S+V) Verb can either be action or linking Example:
“Kate screamed.”
What is the SUBJECT?
What is the PREDICATE?

29. Subject / Linking Verb / Predicate Noun (S+LV+PN)
PN follows the LV and tells us what the subject is.
Examples:
“I am a teacher.” (teacher = PN)
“Mr. Urban is a principal at FHS.”

30. Subject / Linking Verb / Predicate Noun (S+LV+PN)
PN follows the LV and tells us what the subject is.
Examples:
“I am a teacher.”
“Mr. Urban is a principal at FHS.”
What is the SUBJECT?
What is the PREDICATE?

31. Subject / Linking Verb / Predicate Adjective (S+LV+PA)
Predicate adjective: follows the LV and tells us something about the subject.
Examples:
“I am happy.” (happy = PA)
“The game on Friday was ridiculous.”

32. Subject / Linking Verb / Predicate Adjective (S+LV+PA)
Predicate adjective: follows the LV and tells us something about the subject.
Examples:
“I am happy.”
“The game on Friday was ridiculous.”
What is the SUBJECT?
What is the PREDICATE?

33. Direct Object (S+AV+DO)
Subject / Action Verb /
Direct Object (S+AV+DO)
Direct Object: receives action in a sentence (is acted upon by the verb). It is a noun (answers who or what)
Examples:
“David lost the money.” (money = DO)
“Bilbo carried the ring.”

34. Direct Object (S+AV+DO)
Subject / Action Verb /
Direct Object (S+AV+DO)
Direct Object: receives action in a sentence (is acted upon by the verb). It is a noun (answers who or what)
Examples:
“David lost the money.” (money = DO)
“Bilbo carried the ring.”
What is the SUBJECT?
What is the PREDICATE?

35. Subject / Action Verb / Indirect Object / Direct Object (S+AV+IO+DO)
Indirect object: to/for whom OR to/for what the action is performed. It is a different noun than the DO.
Examples:
“David gave me the money.” (me = IO)
“Bilbo gave Frodo the ring.”

36. Subject / Action Verb / Indirect Object / Direct Object (S+AV+IO+DO)
Indirect object: to/for whom OR to/for what the action is performed. It is a different noun than the DO.
Examples:
“David gave me the money.” (me = IO)
“Bilbo gave Frodo the ring.”
What is the SUBJECT?
What is the PREDICATE?

37. Subject / Action Verb / Direct Object / Object Complement (S+AV+DO+OC)
Object Complement: renames or describes the DO – can be an adj. or noun (it only modifies the DO…if not, it’s not OC)
Examples:
“Her generosity made me happy.”

38. Subject / Action Verb / Direct Object / Object Complement (S+AV+DO+OC)
Object Complement: renames or describes the DO – can be an adj. or noun (it only modifies the DO…if not, it’s not OC)
Examples:
“Her generosity made me happy.”
What is the SUBJECT?
What is the PREDICATE?

39. Level THREE: Phrases
Level Three:
Phrases

40. 5 Types of Phrases 8 Parts of Speech 6 Parts of a Sentence
a group of words
without a subject or predicate
functions as a single part of speech

41. 5 Types of Phrases 8 Parts of Speech 6 Parts of a Sentence
a group of words
without a subject or predicate
functions as a single part of speech
- These are examples of phrases.
- When used alone in writing, they are called sentence fragments.

42. Prepositional Phrase Example:
Show relationship & include everything between prep. & and the object of the prep. (obj. can be a noun or a pronoun)
Adjective OR adverb
Example:
“The cat with the short tail ran into the house.” (with the short tail) (into the house)

43. Appositive Phrase Example:
Identifies a noun/pronoun that is already in the sentence
Noun phrase – who/what
Example:
“FHS, the best school in the state, is celebrating homecoming this week.”

44. GERUNDS Example: “I like running.” (the activity of running)
Ends in –ing and names activities
Noun
*HINT: you can substitute “it” or “the activity” and it’s still grammatically correct*
Example:
“I like running.” (the activity of running)
“I enjoy climbing tall mountains.”

45. PARTICIPLES Example: “The coughing man sounds really sick”
Ends in –ing OR –ed and are used to describe
Function as adjectives
*Can be grammatically removed*
Example:
“The coughing man sounds really sick”
“Loved by many, hated by few, dogs are the most popular pet in the U.S.”

46. INFINITIVES Example: “To run” = infinitive
Begins with “to” + verb (always!)
Nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
Example:
“To run” = infinitive
“To run faster than a bear is a valuable skill.” (infinitive phrase – funct. as noun)
“The plan to release monkeys in the wild has been effective.” (funct. as an adj)

47. Example sentence #1 To win the game is my goal.
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE?
To win the game is my goal.

48. INFINITIVE PHRASE: “to” + verb
Example sentence #1
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE?
To win the game is my goal.
INFINITIVE PHRASE: “to” + verb

49. Example sentence #2 She loves receiving presents.
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE?
She loves receiving presents.

50. Example sentence #2 She loves receiving presents.
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE?
She loves receiving presents.
GERUND PHRASE: ends in “-ing” / can substitute the word “it” for the phrase

51. Example sentence #3 My neighbor enjoys being creepy.
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE?
My neighbor enjoys being creepy.

52. Example sentence #3 My neighbor enjoys being creepy.
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE?
My neighbor enjoys being creepy.
GERUND PHRASE: ends in “-ing” / can substitute the word “it” for the phrase

53. Example sentence #4
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE?
Mr. Goodwin scolded Anna, the loudest girl in class.

54. APPOSITIVE PHRASE: identifies a noun (gives more information)
Example sentence #4
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE?
Ms. Ripley scolded Anna, the loudest girl in class.
APPOSITIVE PHRASE: identifies a noun (gives more information)

55. Example sentence #5
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE?
Dean Miller broke up the fight between the two girls.

56. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: shows relationship or location
Example sentence #5
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE?
Dean Miller broke up the fight between the two girls.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: shows relationship or location

57. Example sentence #6 Acing the test, Alex felt pretty smart.
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE?
Acing the test, Alex felt pretty smart.

58. Example sentence #6 Acing the test, Alex felt pretty smart.
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASE DO YOU SEE?
Acing the test, Alex felt pretty smart.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE: ends in –ing or –ed and are used to describe (can be taken out)

59. Example sentence #7*
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASES DO YOU SEE?
Fear is a really helpful tool which you can use to defeat an enemy.

60. INFINITIVE PHRASE: “to” + Verb
Example sentence #7*
WHICH TYPE OF PHRASES DO YOU SEE?
Fear is a really helpful tool which you can use to defeat an enemy.
INFINITIVE PHRASE: “to” + Verb
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: shows relationship (answers “how” we can use; functions as an adverb)

61. Level Four: Clauses
Level Four:
Clauses

62. 2 Types of Clauses 8 Parts of Speech 6 Parts of a Sentence
5 Types of Phrases
2 Types of Clauses
CLAUSES:
a group of words
contains a subject and a verb

63. Independent clause

64. Independent Clause Example: “My name is Kyle Goodwin.”
Stands alone as a complete thought with a subject and a predicate.
Example:
“My name is Kyle Goodwin.”

65. Dependent Clause Example:
Adds info (such as noun, adjective, or adverb) and appears to have a subject & predicate but CANNOT stand alone because it uses a SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION. It requires help from an independent clause to be a grammatical sentence.
Example:
“Because you are ambitious, you will suffer the consequences.” (because = SC)

66. Example sentence #14 The boy likes the girl.
WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE?
The boy likes the girl.

67. Example sentence #14 The boy likes the girl. I-N-D-E-P-E-N-D-E-N-T
WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE?
The boy likes the girl.
I-N-D-E-P-E-N-D-E-N-T
(do you know what that means?)

68. Example sentence #15
WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE?
I went to the store yesterday to buy bread for the old lady across the street.

69. Example sentence #15
WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE?
I went to the store yesterday to buy bread for the old lady across the street.
I-N-D-E-P-E-N-D-E-N-T
(do you know what that means?)

70. Example sentence #16
WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE?
Although I prefer lifting weights, I do enjoy doing pushups from time to time.

71. Dependent / Independent
Example sentence #16
WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE?
Although I prefer lifting weights, I do enjoy doing pushups from time to time.
Dependent / Independent

72. Example sentence #17 I hate snow because of the shoveling.
WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE?
I hate snow because of the shoveling.

73. Independent / Dependent
Example sentence #17
WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE?
I hate snow because of the shoveling.
Independent / Dependent

74. Example sentence #18* I like you, and you like me.
WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE?
I like you, and you like me.

75. Independent / Independent
Example sentence #18*
WHICH TYPE OF CLAUSE(S) DO YOU SEE?
I like you, and you like me.
Independent / Independent