1. Sleep and Biological Rhythms
Introduction
Measuring Sleep
Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep
Why Do We Sleep?
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep
Biological Clocks

4. Dolphin Brain during Sleep

5. Neurotransmitters Involved in Arousal
Norepinephrine
Locus coeruleous (pons)
Acetylcholine
Basal forebrain and reticular formation (in pons and medulla)
Serotonin
Raphe nuclei (pons and medulla)
Histamine
Tuberomammillary nucleus (hypothalamus)
Orexin (Hypocretin)
Hypothalamus

6. Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep
Ventrolateral preoptic area (basal forebrain, in front of the hypothalamus; vlPOA)
Destruction -> insomnia, coma, & death
Injection of adenosine into the basal forebrain produces sleep
Sleep promoting brain area of the Sleep/Waking Flip-Flop (Sleep ON neurons)

7. Sleep/Waking Flip-Flop

8. Sleep/Waking Flip-Flop

9. Neural Control of REM Sleep
REM ON region: sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) located in the dorsal pons
REM OFF region: ventolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG) located in the midbrain
These two structures make up the REM Sleep Flip-Flop

10. REM Sleep Flip-Flop