1. 脊 柱
Vertebral column
基础医学院人体解剖教研室

2. The vertebral column脊柱 consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.

3. 一、Vertebrae 椎骨
There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows:
Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C.7
Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.12
Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L.5
Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S sacrum 骶骨
Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 Co.3~ coccyx尾骨

4. General features of vertebrae
Vertebral body 椎体
Vertebral arch 椎弓
pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根: sup. and inf. Vertebral notch
椎上、下切迹
lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板
process (7):
spinous process 棘突
transverse process 横突
sup. and inf. articular processes
上、下关节突
Vertebral foramen 椎孔
Vertebral canal 椎管
Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔

5. Regional variations of vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Vertebrae Body: small
Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular
Spinous processes:
short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7
Transverse processes:
short and bifid, transverse foramen横突孔
Articular processes: horizontal

6. Atypical vertebeae
Atlas寰椎 (C1)
Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses
Groove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟

7. Axis枢椎 (C2): distinguished by dens齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas

8. Carotid tubercle: 颈动脉结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6
Vertebra prominens 隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes

9. Thoracic vertebrae Vertebrae Body ：
heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹
Vertebral foramen：
smaller, rounder
Spinous processes：
long, point obliquely downward
Transverse processes：
transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹
Articular processes: coronal

10. Lumbar vertebrae Vertebrae Body： larger, kidney-shape
Vertebral foramen:
larger and triangular
Spinous processes: projects horizontally
Transverse processes:
long
Articular processes: sagittal

11. Sacrum Anterior surface:
promontory岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔(four pairs)
Posterior surface:
median sacral crest 骶正中嵴, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus骶管裂孔，sacral cornu 骶角
Lateral part:
auricular surface耳状面, sacral tuberosity骶粗隆

12. 二、Articulations of Vertebrae 椎骨的连结
Joints of the vertebral bodies
Joints of the vertebral arches

13. 1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结
Intervertebral discs
椎间盘
between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of:
Nucleus pulpous髓核, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core )
Annulus fibrosus纤维环
an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage

14. Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带
Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1~S2
Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
Posterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带
Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrum
Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs

15. Hernia of nucleus pulpous 髓核脱出

16. 2.Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结
Ligamenta flava 黄韧带― elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column
Interspinal ligament 棘间韧带
Supraspinal ligament 棘上韧带
Ligamentum nuchae项韧带
Intertansverse ligament横突间韧带
Zygapophysial joint 关节突关节

17. 三、Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节
Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condyles
Supported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlas
Action ― nodding of head, lateral tilting of head

18. 四、Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节
Three synovial joints between atlas and axis
Laterally, paired joints between articulating faces
Median joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas

19. Supported by ligaments
apical ligament of dens 齿突尖韧带
alar ligament 翼状韧带
transverse ligament of atlas寰椎横韧带
tectorial membrane 覆膜
Action ― allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column

20. 五、Normal Curves of vertebral column
Cervical curvature颈曲 convex forward
Thoracic curvature胸曲 convex backward
Lumbar curvature腰曲
convex forward
Sacral curvature骶曲 convex backward

22. 六、Movement of the vertebral column
flexion
extension
lateral flexion
rotation
circumduction

23. 脊 柱 裂
Spina bifida cystica