1. Middle Ages (The Dark Ages)

2. Quest for Political Order
FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE
GERMANIC SUCCESSORS
THE FRANKS
EXTERNAL INVASIONS
Emperor Charlemagne

3. Collapse of the Western Roman Empire

4. Germanic Successor States
Decentralized Society
German chieftains replace Roman rule
Germanic tradition replaced Roman law
Peasants turn to local lords for safety
Subsistence Agriculture
Food for your family
Power shifts from Italy to France

5. The Franks Clovis I (466-511) Charles Martel (688-741)
United the Franks
Converted to Christianity
Charles Martel ( )
Defeated Muslims at Tours
Charlemagne ( )
Centralized authority
Temporary revival of learning
Empire fell less than 30 years after his death
Battle of Tours, 732

6. External Invasions
External invasions by Vikings (purple), Magyars (green), and Muslims (red) completed the destruction of centralized rule in Western Europe.
European lords built a system of military and political relationships to protect their land. This system is called feudalism.

7. THE MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Medieval Society ( )
FEUDALISM
SERFS AND MANORS
THE MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN CHURCH

8. European Feudalism
Kings gave land (fief ) to vassals (nobles) in exchange for military service
Control of land was hereditary
Vassals gave land to knights in exchange for military service
Knights were bound by a code of chivalry

9. European Feudalism

10. Knights and Castles The Knight The Castle
Castle Rising in England was built in 1138

11. Serfs and Manorialism
Agricultural manors were essential for maintaining the feudal system
Manors included a mill, church, workshops, and a village
Serfdom
Bound to the land
Cultivated land for lords in exchange for protection and a small plot of land
Also were responsible for weaving, building, etc.
Serfs were required to work their lords land three days a week. The rest of the time they could work the small plots of land provided to them by their lord.

12. Manorialism

13. The Christian Church Created moral standards
Owned extensive land throughout Western Europe
Struggled with secular rulers to be the dominant authority in Europe
Supported monasticism
Monks preserved literacy and learning
Nuns provided an additional opportunity for women

14. The Pope Papal authority grew during early medieval period
Canon law
Excommunication
Investiture
Frequent power struggles between monarchs and the papacy
Gregory VII
A symbol of papal authority, Pope Gregory VII declared the church infallible and capable of removing emperors

15. Expansion of Europe
VIKINGS
SPANISH RECONQUISTA
THE CRUSADES

16. Viking Expansion

17. Spanish Reconquista Began in small Christian states in northern Spain
By 1150 Christians had recaptured over half of Muslim Spain
Aided by organization and wealth of Catholic Church
Ended in 1492 with conquest of Granada
Drove Jews and Muslims from Spain
The Spanish Inquisition

22. The Crusades -Series of religious wars in the medieval period

23. High Middle Ages (1000-1500) ESTABLISHMENT OF REGIONAL STATES
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC REVIVAL
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS
CHRISTIANITY DURING THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES

24. Rise of Regional States
Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
“neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire”
Conflicts with church prevented creation of a powerful state
France
Capetian dynasty consolidated feudal estates into a centralized government
Feudal monarchy
Italy
Dominated by powerful city-states: Rome (papal state), Florence, Genoa, Milan, Venice, etc.

25. Europe in the High Middle Ages

26. Rise of Monarchy in England
William of Normandy conquered England in 1066
Feudalism with centralized approach
Magna Carta signed by King John in 1215
Created parliamentary system
Parliament must approve changes in taxation
Does NOT create a democratic system
King John, enemy of Robin Hood, was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215

27. European Economic Revival
Changing Agricultural Economy
Technology: improved plows, watermills, the horse collar, and the horseshoe
Crop rotation and the three-field system
Population growth
800 CE—29 Million
1100 CE—44 Million
1300 CE—79 Million
Population growth led to urbanization
London, Paris, Toledo, etc.
Some towns challenged the authority of their feudal lord

28. European Economic Revival
Urbanization increased specialization of labor
Guilds created regulations between craftsmen
Protect prices, regulate production, etc.
Specialized labor increased manufacturing
Manufacturing focused on wool textiles
Woolen textiles dominated by Italy and Flanders (Belgium)
Increased manufacturing led to increased trade
Italian merchants dominated trade in the Mediterranean
Increased involvement in the Afro-Eurasian trade network
Silk Roads, Trans-Saharan, etc.
Hanseatic League promotes trade in northern Europe

29. Trade in the High Middle Ages
Venetian and Genoese merchants established colonies in major trade ports of Alexandria, Constantinople, Cairo, Damascus, etc.

30. Social Developments Status of women improved
Chivalry promoted respect for women
Urbanization created more job opportunities for women
All-female guilds
Worked same jobs as their husbands
Increased veneration of the Virgin Mary
Mary symbolized ideals of womanhood, love, & sympathy
Cathedral of Notre Dame or “Our Lady”

31. Chastity

32. Christianity in the High Middle Ages
Cathedral schools become universities
University of Paris, Oxford University, etc.
Rediscovery of works of Aristotle
Increased commerce with Muslims provided the West with access to Greek works
New intellectual movements
Thomas Aquinas and scholasticism
Combining Aristotle’s logic with Christianity
Some reformers within in the church were worried about the materialism of the church

33. THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
End of the Middle Ages
BUBONIC PLAGUE
HUNDRED YEARS WAR
THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

34. Bubonic Plague
Silk Roads spread bubonic plague across Eurasia in the 14th century
In October 1347 a ship from the Crimea sailed into Messina. The crew had a "sickness clinging to their very bones.“
Rats carrying fleas got on shore spreading disease
Increased trade helped spread the plague
Close proximity, unsanitary conditions facilitated the spread into cities
25 million people died in the next several years, 1/4 to 1/3 of the population of Europe
Population rebounded within 200 years

35. Spread of Bubonic Plague

36. The Black Death
Victims “ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors in paradise”
-Geovanni Boccaccio

37. Impact of the Bubonic Plague
Profound impact on manorial economy
Labor became scarce in some places
Tenants, rent payers, made gains as feudal obligations were lowered
Some serfs were freed to keep them from running away to better opportunities
Wages rose in towns to keep workers happy
“The path to the Industrial Revolution began with the Black Death. The population fall increased labor mobility by creating many vacant farms, and that mobility undermined serfdom.” - Robert Allen

38. Hundred Years War ( )
A series of periodic military campaigns between England and France
New technology
Crossbows, longbows, pikes, firearms, and cannons
Castles & knights outdated
Monarchs maintain permanent militaries
Burning of Joan of Arc, 1431

39. Italian Renaissance Started in Italy during the 13th century
Why Italy?
Urban Growth & Wealth
Merchant Class Values
Classical Heritage
Main Idea: humanism
Study of human beings and human potential
Celebration of human life
Many different approaches to humanism
It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both.

40. FEUDALISMS COMPARED: MEDIEVAL JAPAN AND WESTERN EUROPE

41. WHAT IS FEUDALISM? Political and economic system in
Medieval Western Europe, Zhou
China, and Shogunate Japan
whereby a lord grants lands and
protection to a vassal in exchange
for loyalty, military service.

42. TERMS:
LORD, VASSAL, FIEF

43. PAST INFLUENCES FEUDAL EUROPE Christianity Classical Rome
German Heritage
JAPAN
Imperial China
Confucianism

44. RISE OF FEUDALISM In Europe: In Japan:
External invasions; ineffectiveness,
lack of national, centralized authority;
arose prior to 1000 CE; dead by 1500 CE
In Japan:
Isolation of emperor, his family in capital; Rivalries between Court nobility, provincial
lords and clans; arose around 1100 CE,
died with Meiji Restoration in 1867 CE

45. POLITICAL STRUCTURES In Europe: Multiple states, fragmented;
decentralized, competing
political entities; multiple loyalties
In Japan:
Centralized, military dictatorship;
no overlapping, multiple loyalties

46. FEUDAL JAPAN

47. FEUDAL STATES
FRANCE
H.R. EMPIRE

48. FEUDAL SOCIETY Social hierarchy based on noble
aristocracy, land ownership, birth;
social divisions based on types of
labor, gender; society
largely rural with few
cities; 3 major classes

49. THOSE WHO FIGHT Lord - Daimyo Knights - Samurai Fief - Shugo
Feudalism was a local military solution to a national political reality. Warriors had to furnish weapons, horses
Lord - Daimyo
Knights - Samurai
Fief - Shugo

50. GREAT LORDS DAIMYO Hereditary nobles Independent realms
Local administration
Local justice, taxes
Feudal armies, castles
Constant warfare

51. CODES OF CONDUCT Bushido and Chivalry
Samurai means servant;
bushido means Way of
the Warrior; be loyal, fight, die for lord; koku payment
Chivalry derived
from Cheval (horse)
- knights furnished own
horse, armor; paid; defend women,
church, poor, fight as last resort

52. Church owns land, part of government
THOSE WHO PRAY
JAPAN
Numerous faiths: Buddhism, Shinto, Confucianism
Zen Buddhism became samurai favorite
Clergy, faith only had limited influence
FEUDAL EUROPE
Age of Faith: Church, Pope paramount
Church owns land, part of government
Church administers education, social welfare
Church leadership open to all classes, women

53. THOSE WHO WORK JAPAN FEUDAL EUROPE Peasants produce food
Possessed some rights to land
Villages self-governing
Protected by daimyo, samurai
FEUDAL EUROPE
Serfs = lowest class
1/3 to 1/5 of produce to lord
Few rights, often did not own land
Often used as soldiers

54. GENDER ROLES FEUDAL EUROPE Aristocratic women isolated,
marginalize in roles. If woman
managed land, became nun, acquired rights.
JAPAN
Aristocratic women were more equal
to husbands; owned land without male
interference; could inherit, sue;
samurai women encouraged to fight.

55. Not monetarized economies
ECONOMICS
BOTH
Agriculture dominant
Not monetarized economies
Manorialism
Self-sufficient
Serfs
Wheat
Shoen
Shoen traded
Peasants
Rice

56. THOSE OUTSIDE Towns, Merchant, Artisans: In Europe, became wealthy and
influential - defied the system. In
Japan, considered lowest class -
gained some influence under
Tokugawa Shoguns

57. URBAN LIFE JAPAN FEUDAL EUROPE Castle towns Guilds
Free cities, leagues
Merchants, guilds
Town charters
Learning centers

58. DIFFERENCES JAPAN FEUDAL EUROPE Emperor, Shogun Centralized feudalism
Religion not in government
Group loyalty
FEUDAL EUROPE
The Pope, the Papacy
Shared common faith
Feudal contract(s)

59. DIFFERENT ENDS EUROPE JAPAN
Monarchs asserted authority: taxes, weapons
Commerce, middle class ended feudalism
Fratricidal warfare decimated aristocracy
Charters, advisory parliaments expanded
JAPAN
Feudalism ended voluntarily
Feudalism remained strong throughout
Ended as a result of West, Meiji Restoration
Samurai, culture absorbed into mainstream

60. LINKS Internet Medieval Sourcebook
Internet East Asia History Sourcebook
Knight/Samurai - Lord/Daimyo
Comparative Feudalism Project