1. Chap. 2
Debra Owens

2. Atoms Atoms Study of chemistry with basic unit of matter.
Subatomic make up atoms: Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Nucleus: center of atom
Electrons: negative charge

3. Elements
Elements: pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom.
Isotopes: different number of neutrons in an atom.
Atoms have the some number of with electrons and chemical properties.

4. Chemical Compounds
Compounds: two or more elements in definite proportions

5. Chemical Bonds Ionic & covalent Bonds are the main bonds
Ionic bonds: transferred from one atom to another.
Ions: positively and negatively charges atoms
Covalent Bond: shared between atoms
Molecule: smallest unite of most compounds
Van der Waal forces: scientist who discovered chemists

6. Water Molecule Water molecule is polar
Uneven distribution between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
Cohesion: attraction between molecules of same properties.
Adhesion: attraction between molecules of different substance.

7. Solutions and Suspensions
Mixture: composed of two or more compounds.
Solutions: evenly distributed throughout the solution.
Solute: substance that dissolve
Solvent: substance that solute dissolve
Suspensions: mixture of water and nondissolve material

8. Acids, Bases, and pH pH scale: concentration of H icons in solutions
Acid: any compound the forms H.
Base: compound that produces hydroxide ions
Buffers: weak acids or base, react with strong acids or bases, changes to pH

9. The Chemistry of Carbon
Has a form of millions of different large and complex structures.

10. Macromolecules Monomers are joined together to form polymers
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and protein are four groups of organic compounds

11. Carbohydrates Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source.
Monosaccharide: single sugar molecules
Polysaccharides: Large macromolecules formed from monosaccharide.

12. Lipids
Large and varied group of biological molecules that generally not soluble in water.
Used to store energy.
Some are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

13. Nucleic Acids Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
Stores and transmit hereditary or genetis information
Ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acid are both nucleic acids.

14. Protein
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Amino acids: polymers of molecules
Some proteins control rate of reactions
Used to form bones and muscles
Helps fight disease

15. Chemical Reactions A process that changes one set of chemicals
Reactions involve breaking bonds in reactions formations of new bonds in products.

16. Energy in Reactions Release energy often occur spontaneously.
Absorb energy that will not occur without a source of energy.
Activation energy: energy that is needed to get a reaction started

17. Enzymes Proteins that act as biological catalysts
Catalyst: substance that speeds up rate of a chemical reaction.
Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells

18. Enzyme Action
Substrates: reactions of enzyme-catalyzed reaction