1. 3. 1. 4. 5. 6. 2. 7. 8. 9.

2. Occlusion
Orthodontics studies the way in which the teeth meet each other (occlude).
Occlusion is defined as the normal position of the teeth when the jaws are closed.
In normal occlusion, teeth come together in a __________________.

3. Scissor Bite Evaluation
Scissors bite is evaluated in three locations:
1. The mandibular canine tooth resides in the interdental space of the upper third incisor and the upper canine tooth.
2. The upper fourth premolar is labial to the lower first molar, which together, constitute the ___________ teeth.
3. Maxillary incisors are slightly rostral to the mandibular incisors.

4. Normal Occlusion

5. Normal scissors occlusion in a dog: Rostral view of incisors and canine teeth

6. Normal Scissors Occlusion: When all three locations are normal- the premolars interdigitate toward the opposing interdental space.

7. Review: Can You Name These Structures?

8. Malocclusion
Malocclusion is an abnormality in the position of the teeth.
It can occur in any of the three head shapes, but is more common in brachycephalic breeds.
There are four classes of malocclusions.
(Class I, II, III, and IV)
Class I- easily fixed with orthodontic correction OR not needed
Class II-IV are skeletal malocclusions due to differing jaw length

9. Class I: Rostral Cross-bite
Maxillary incisors are ________ to the mandibular incisors.
Very common malocclusion in veterinary dentistry.
Thought to occur secondary to retained deciduous incisors.
Treatment consists of orthodontic movement or extraction of the abnormal teeth.
Treat vs. not treat?

10. Rostral Cross-bite

11. Class I: Caudal Cross-bite
Maxillary premolars/molars are positioned lingual to the mandibular opposing premolars/molars
Occurs occasionally in dolichocephalic breeds.
More frequent professional prophylaxis will be needed for these pets.

12. Caudal Cross-bite
The maxillary fourth premolar is positioned abnormally inside of the lower first molar tooth. 
This condition did not require treatment as the pet had a comfortable and functional occlusion (bite).

13. Class II: Mandibular Distoclusion
Mandibular brachygnathism:
abnormally short mandible, normal maxilla
Referred to as “overshot”
Lack of self-cleaning ability and can create painful palate abrasions.
Not an accepted standard in any breed.

14. Mandible is shorter than
the normal maxilla.

15. Class III: Mandibular Mesiocclussion
Mandibular prognathism: abnormally long mandible, normal length maxilla
Referred to as “undershot”
These dogs will lose some of their self-cleaning ability and trap plaque and debris more easily.
Maxillary incisors can traumatize the mandible.
Accepted as normal in brachycephalic breeds such as Bulldogs, Pekingese, Boston terriers, Pugs, and Persian cats.

16. Mandibular Prognathism
Mandible is
longer than
the maxilla.

17. Mandibular Prognathism

18. Asymmetrical Malocclusion
Each upper and lower right and left quadrant of the mouth is independent of the other, resulting in uneven growth which produces a wry occlusion
(wry bite).
In its mildest form, a one-sided prognathic or brachygnathic bite forms. In more severe cases, a crooked head and bite develop.
A triangular opening (open bite) will also appear in the incisor area where the affected incisors are displaced vertically and do not meet.
In severe cases, the tongue protrudes from the open bite.

19. Wry Mouth: One quadrant develops unevenly from the other quadrants

20. Wry Occlusion

21. Persistent Deciduous Teeth
Interfere with normal eruption pathway of permanent teeth  ____________
Are a reservoir for debris  dental disease
Early detection is key!
Common in small breed dogs
Extraction is almost always necessary
Referred to as Interceptive Orthodontics
*Note: deciduous teeth are numbered differently in the Triadan system (500, 600, 700, 800)

22. Persistent Deciduous Canine Teeth
Abnormal attrition

23. Polydontia
Supernumerary teeth should not be confused with retained deciduous teeth.
Unless extra tooth causes crowding, no treatment is necessary.
Occasionally the extra teeth will erupt in an abnormal angle or be impacted.
If crowding: increased chance of periodontal disease. (Extraction necessary)

24. Supernumerary Teeth

25. Deciduous or Permanent?
Radiographs aid in differentiation

26. Hypodontia
One or more teeth (usually incisors or premolars) do not form in the dental arcade.
Un-errupted permanent tooth or hypodontia?
How do you confirm?
If permanent tooth is absent, a baby tooth will often remain in the arch for months to years.
No treatment; usually does not cause any problems.