1. SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR
CHRIS BUTLER (hlm )

2. A BRIEF HISTORICAL SKETCH
SFG
MALINOWSKI
(antrpolog)
context of culture
C. of situation
c. of utterance
J.R. Firth
(meaning was the function
of a unit in its context)
Prague school
whorf
glossematics
linguistic context
(grammatical items
were functioning or
having meaning
Prague school: every element of language has functions
Glossematics: neo structuralism
Firthian linguistic: in analyzing language we should consider linguistic context ( co-text)
Systemic: whorf system
Functional: prague school
Grammar: Firth
SFG found by Halliday

3. FG related to interpretations of (1) text, (2) system, (3) element of linguistic structures.
Appear in the needs of a tool to analyze a text.
A way in looking at the grammar in term how grammar / language is used (natural grammar).

4. Three metafunctional component of all languages : (1) ideational (what is it talk about?), (2) interpersonal (show the attitude of speaker into the language or into another participants), (3) textual (produce cohesive and coherence of the text to be understood by the readers) . Which are the manifestation of the linguistic system.
Each element in a language is explained by reference to its function in the total linguistic system.
Metafunctional: memiliki banyak fungsi

5. Use ‘grammar’ consisting of syntax, vocabulary, & morphology.
Differences…
Functional:
Use ‘grammar’ consisting of syntax, vocabulary, & morphology.
Focuses on the development of grammatical systems as a means for people to interact with each other
Formal:
Use ‘syntax’ opposed to semantics
The ways in which our genes constrain the shape of our grammars (what we can and cannot say)
Formal: able to differ grammatical from ungramatical

6. Differences…
Using labels like N, V, Adj and functions labels like actor, process, goal, etc to make the grammatical analysis semantically revealing.
Not prescriptive but as tools for understanding why a text is the way it is.
Using labels like N, V, Adj, but not functions labels.
Prescriptive, which tell you what you can and what you can not say and provide you for correcting what are often referred to as grammatical error
Prescriptive: berbicara benar dan salah.

7. EMBRIO OF SFG
SCALE AND CATEGORY LINGUISTICS (HALLIDAY 1961)
LANGUAGE
THREE LEVELS
FOUR BASIC CATEGORIES
THREE ABSTRACTION SCALES
FORM (grammar and lexicon)
Substance (phonology, orthography
Situational context (Semantics)
Unit (sentence, word, morpheme)
Structure (Syntagmatic order)
Class (Noun, verb, etc.)
System (Paradigmatic order)
Rank (hierarchical ordering of units)
Exponence ( rel. cat and ling. Data)
Delicacy (distintions on all level)

8. Choice and constituency
clause
Actor
Process
Goal
n. group
v. group
Deictic
Thing
Finite
Event
det
noun
verb
pronoun
those
shoe
are
wrecking my
feet
clause rank choices
resulting in function
structure
group rank choices
word rank choices
resulting group
function

9. Characteristics of SFG
Language as meaningful choice in social contexts
The interpretation of function in SFG
The proposed relationship between metafunction and register
The central importance of text: cohesion and discourse/text structure in SFG
S F G and Pragmatics
To construct social meaning

10. Language as meaningful choice in social contexts
To construct social meaning
To negotiate social meaning
Language is used
To transmit culture

11. Function in SFG
To serve in communication and to motivate the shape of
the grammar in functional term.
2. To refer to relational elements (microfunction or functional role):
Subject, Object, Agent, Recipient, etc.
3. To refer metafunction (macrofunction):
ideational (experiential and logical) (to represent the world)
interpersonal ( to set up and maintain social relations)
textual (to enable the construction of situatonally relevant
and internally coherent passages)

12. John
will
give
Mary
The BLEU books
today
Ideational
AGENT
PROCESS
(Material)
RECIPIENT
GOAL
Interpersonal
SUBJECT
FINITE
PREDICATOR
COMPLE
MENT
ADJUNCT
Textual
THEME
RHEME
GIVEN
NEW
CIRCUMSTANCE
(Location in time)

13. Levels of a text Semantics Meanings / Messages wordings
Sound or writing
grammar
encoded
recoded
arbitrer
Nonarbitrer/
natural
The form of the grammar
relates naturally to
the meanings that
are being encoded
Non arbitrer: intended, choice of the clauses that you want to use is intended.
Arbitrer: mengikuti aturan bahasa

14. The proposed relationship between metafunction and register
Context
Text
Semantics
(meanings)
Lexicogrammar
(Wordings)
Field
(What’s going on)
Ideational
Transitivity
(Processes, Participants,
Circumstances)
Tenor
(Social relations)
Interpersonal
Mood and Modality
(Speech roles, attitudes)
Mode
(Contextual coherence
Textual
Theme , Cohesion

15. The central importance of text:
cohesion and discourse/text structure in SFG
SFG emphases on text analysis as a mode of action using theory of language
A discourse analysis that is not based on grammar is not an analysis a all, but simply
a running commentary on a text. (Halliday 1994:xvii)
A text is a passage of discourse which is coherent with respect to the context of sitation
(register) and with respect to itself (Cohesive).
An analysis of textual structure is done using several types of approach: hierarchical
models of discourse structure (Brimingham school) or generic structure potential.
(See Butler 531)

16.  SFG and Pragmatics Halliday Pragmaticians
sociologically-oriented works
Clause as excange
Interpersonal grammatical metaphor 
Discourse structure such as deictic and cohesion has pragmatic relevance.
Philosophically-oriented works
Speech functions (illocution)
Indirect speech acts
Interpretation of indirection of various kinds

17. Criteria of adequacy in SFG
The grammar needs to be explecit, if it is to go on being useful;
it must be able to generate wordings from the most abstract
grammatical categories by some explicit set of inteermediate
steps. (H 1994: xix)
The test of a theory of language, in relation to any
particular purpose, is:
does it go?
does it facilitate the task in hand?

18. Functional and class unit
Nominal group
Deictic
Classifier
Thing
determiner
verb
noun a
running
shoe
Nominal group
Deictic
Epithet
Thing
determiner
verb
noun a
running
shoe
‘A shoe for running’
‘A shoe which is running’

19. Application of FG Analysis of texts, spoken or written Styllictics
Computational linguistics (Matthiessen and Bateman, 1991)
Developmental linguistics and study of socialization
Study of functional variation in language and the relation between language and the context of situation and of culture.

20. Application of FG As the basis of CDA (Fairclough, 1992)
A number of educational applications: initial literacy (Cope and Kalantzis, 1993), children’s writing, language in secondary education, classroom discourse analysis, teaching of foreign languages, analysis of textbooks, error analysis, teaching of literature and teacher education.
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