1. Evolution of the term “liberal”:

2. “Insist on a clear definition of terms”
incumbents
candidates
nominees
delegates
partisans
independents
electors
plurality vs. majority
single-member district

3. Why does the USA have only two viable parties?

4. SINGLE MEMBER DISTRICTS
PLURALITY SYSTEM

5. SINGLE MEMBER DISTRICTS
PLURALITY SYSTEM
Winner Take All

6. Democratic/Republican Theory
Should the minority get NO representation?

7. Why are the various proportional election systems always multi-party?
Proportional Representation
Why are the various proportional election systems always multi-party?

8. EXAMPLE of COMMON FORM Proportional Representation
Citizens vote for their Party in Parliament
10% % % 5% % % % % left-wing centrist right-wing parties parties parties

9. Proportional Representation
Citizens vote for their Party in Parliament
10% % % 5% % % % % left-wing centrist right-wing parties parties parties

10. X Party wins 10% of vote Proportional Representation X Party candidate
Mary Doe
Joe Blow
X Party wins 10% of vote
X Party candidate
list

11. 200 seats in Parliament X Party wins 10% of vote
Proportional Representation
X Party
Mary Doe
Joe Blow
200 seats in Parliament
X Party wins 10% of vote

12. Party X wins 20 seats in Parliament
Proportional Representation
X Party
Mary Doe
Joe Blow
200 seats in Parliament
X Party wins 10% of vote
Party X wins 20 seats in Parliament

13. Party X wins 20 seats in Parliament
Proportional Representation
X Party
Mary Doe
Joe Blow 
Top 20
candidates win
200 seats in Parliament
X Party wins 10% of vote
Party X wins 20 seats in Parliament

14. Proportional Representation
10% % % 5% % % % % left-wing centrist right-wing parties parties parties
Parties win seats in Parliament in proportion to the vote

15. 10% 3% 35% 5% 15% 20% 5% 7% left center right
Proportional Representation
Chooses Executive Branch
Leaders
10% % % 5% % % % % left center right
Leftist coalition government

16. 10% 3% 35% 5% 15% 20% 5% 7% left center right
Proportional Representation
Chooses Executive Branch
Leaders
10% % % 5% % % % % left center right
Centrist coalition government

17. 10% 3% 35% 5% 15% 20% 5% 7% left center right
Proportional Representation
Chooses Executive Branch
Leaders
10% % % 5% % % % % left center right
Right-Wing coalition government

18. minor parties in a Winner Take All system?
minor parties in a Proportional Election system?

19. The Modern American Party System (1932-present)

20. mainstream conservative Republicans progressive Republicans
Pre party alignment
business oriented
mainstream conservative Republicans
progressive Republicans
reformers, intellectuals
Democrats
predominantly Southern and agricultural: social conservatism, rural economic populism

21. 1932 (Great Depression era)
mainstream conservative Republicans
Northern Democrat FDR wins nomination
progressive Republicans
Democrats

22. mainstream conservative Republicans
1932 Presidential Election
mainstream conservative Republicans
Northern Democrat FDR wins nomination
progressive Republicans
Democrats
Roosevelt declares himself a “liberal”

23. Remember: The British Liberal Party advocated economic reform and regulation of laissez-faire capitalism.
“…controlling and directing economic forces in the interest of social justice and social stability.”
J.M. Keynes

24. 1932 Presidential Election
mainstream conservative Republicans
progressive Republicans
Democrats
Roosevelt declares himself a “liberal”

25. 1932 Presidential Election
mainstream conservative Republicans
PARTY REALIGNMENT!
progressive Republicans
Democrats
Roosevelt declares himself a “liberal”

26. “The Roosevelt Coalition”
mainstream conservative Republicans
The “Solid south”
Progressives
Minorities
Immigrants
Working Class
Democrats

27. mainstream conservative Republicans
Post-WWII era
mainstream conservative Republicans
The “Solid south”
Progressives
Minorities
Immigrants
Working Class
liberal
(New Deal)
Democrats
conservative
(Old Guard)
Democrats

28. mainstream conservative Republicans
1950s-1960s
mainstream conservative Republicans
liberal
(New Deal)
Democrats
conservative
(Old Guard)
Democrats

29. liberal (New Deal) Democrats conservative (Old Guard) Democrats
1950s-1960s
Pro- Civil Rights
Anti- School Prayer
Anti- VN War
Pro- Choice
Anti- Civil Rights
Pro- School Prayer
Pro- VN War
Pro- Life
liberal
(New Deal)
Democrats
conservative
(Old Guard)
Democrats

30. mainstream conservative Republicans
1960s-1970s
mainstream conservative Republicans
On many issues:
“the conservative coalition”
liberal
(New Deal)
Democrats
conservative
(Old Guard)
Democrats

31. mainstream conservative Republicans
1960s-190s
mainstream conservative Republicans
conservative coalition
liberal
(New Deal)
Democrats
conservative
(Old Guard)
Democrats
presidential Republicanism

32. mainstream conservative Republicans
1980s-1990s
mainstream conservative Republicans
liberal
(New Deal)
Democrats
conservative
(Old Guard)
Democrats

33. mainstream conservative Republicans
1980s-1990s
mainstream conservative Republicans
PARTY REALIGNMENT!
liberal
(New Deal)
Democrats
conservative
(Old Guard)
Democrats

34. Republicans Democrats
Republicans
Democrats

35. mainstream Republicans
2008-
mainstream Republicans
Tea Party populists
Democrats

36. Republicans Trumpsters Democrats Berners
2016 Election
Republicans
Trumpsters
Democrats
Berners

37. Republicans Trumpsters Democrats Herbal Tea Party?
2017-?
Republicans
Trumpsters
Democrats
Herbal Tea Party?

38. 2017-?
Republicans
Trumpsters
Democrats
Herbal Tea Party? ?

39. Republicans Trumpsters Democrats Herbal Tea Party?
Party Realignment?
Republicans
Trumpsters
Democrats
Herbal Tea Party?

40. Republicans Trumpsters Democrats Herbal Tea Party?
Room for a Minor Party?
Republicans
Trumpsters
Democrats
Herbal Tea Party?

41. Republicans Trumpsters Libertarians Democrats Herbal Tea Party?
Room for a Minor Party?
Republicans
Trumpsters
Libertarians
Democrats
Herbal Tea Party?

42. Republicans Trumpsters Libertarians Greens Democrats Herbal Tea Party?
Room for a Minor Party?
Republicans
Trumpsters
Libertarians
Greens
Democrats
Herbal Tea Party?

43. Republicans Trumpsters Other? Libertarians Greens Democrats
Room for a Minor Party?
Republicans
Trumpsters
Other?
Libertarians
Greens
Democrats
Herbal Tea Party?

44. A new [centrist] party?
median voter theory rise of independent voters, especially youth decline of parties rise of media “candidate-centered campaign”

45. A new [centrist] party?
median voter theory but polarization rise of independent voters, especially youth but still winner-take-all (plurality) decline of parties but increased straight ticket voting rise of media “candidate-centered campaign” parties still run elections (party-centered)

46. Minor Parties single-issue (e.g. abortion, taxes)
ideological (Libertarian, Green, Socialist)
splinter (Teddy Roosevelt BM progressives, George Wallace AIP)
populist (Tea Party)
ad hoc for an election (Ross Perot, Evan McMullin)

47. Minor Parties single-issue (e.g. abortion, taxes)
ideological (Libertarian, Green, Socialist)
splinter (Teddy Roosevelt BM progressives, George Wallace AIP)
populist (Tea Party)
ad hoc for an election (Ross Perot, Evan McMullin)
Irrelevant?

48. Minor Parties single-issue (e.g. abortion, taxes)
ideological (Libertarian, Green, Socialist)
splinter (Teddy Roosevelt BM progressives, George Wallace AIP)
populist (Tea Party)
ad hoc for an election (Ross Perot, Evan McMullin)
Irrelevant?
-- force items on the agenda (Ross Perot 1992: budget deficit)

49. Minor Parties single-issue (e.g. abortion, taxes)
ideological (Libertarian, Green, Socialist)
splinter (Teddy Roosevelt BM progressives, George Wallace AIP)
populist (Tea Party)
ad hoc for an election (Ross Perot, Evan McMullin)
Irrelevant?
-- force items on the agenda (Ross Perot 1992: budget deficit)
-- push parties to shift positions (Socialists )

50. Minor Parties single-issue (e.g. abortion, taxes)
ideological (Libertarian, Green, Socialist)
splinter (Teddy Roosevelt BM progressives, George Wallace AIP)
populist (Tea Party)
ad hoc for an election (Ross Perot, Evan McMullin)
Irrelevant?
-- force items on the agenda (Ross Perot 1992: budget deficit)
-- push parties to shift positions (Socialists )
-- act as spoilers (Green Party--Ralph Nader 2000)

51. How do parties choose their nominees?

52. Caucus (in a political context): (as noun) a meeting (as verb) to meet
Caucus System
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D
Caucus (in a political context):
(as noun) a meeting
(as verb) to meet D
delegates

53. Functions of Party Conventions
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D
Choose party leaders
Choose delegates
Choose nominees
Create a media event
Make convention rules
Write a platform
Nominate electors

54. Criticism? Precinct Convention Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D
Choose party leaders
Choose delegates
Choose nominees
Create a media event
Make convention rules
Write a platform
Nominate electors

55. State-wide Primary Election
Reform
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D
State-wide Primary Election

56. State-wide Primary Election
Reform
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D
State-wide Primary Election
non-binding

57. State-wide Primary Election
Reform
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D
primary voters may caucus
State-wide Primary Election
Non-binding

58. State-wide Primary Election
Reform
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D N N
primary voters may caucus
binding N
nominee
State-wide Primary Election
non-binding

59. State-wide Primary Election
Reform
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D N N
primary voters may caucus
binding
party members
State-wide Primary Election
non-binding

60. State-wide Primary Election
Reform
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D N N
primary voters may caucus
binding
party members
State-wide Primary Election
non-binding
closed
primary
non-party members

61. State-wide Primary Election
Reform
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D N N
primary voters may caucus
binding
party members
State-wide Primary Election
non-binding
non-party members
if open

62. State-wide Primary Election
Reform
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D N N
primary voters may caucus
binding
party members
State-wide Primary Election
non-binding
open or
closed?
non-party members

63. crossover voting: supportive vs. raiding
Reform
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D N N
primary voters may caucus
binding
party members
State-wide Primary Election
non-binding
open or
closed?
non-party members
crossover voting: supportive vs. raiding

64. Presidential Primaries
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D
binding?
State-wide Primary Election
non-binding

65. Presidential Primaries
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D
binding?
But How?
(no nationwide primary)
State-wide Primary Election
non-binding

66. Presidential Primaries
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D
determines delegate selection to national convention:
binding
State-wide Primary Election
non-binding

67. Presidential Primaries
Precinct Convention
Local (county) Convention
State Convention
National Convention D D D
determines delegate selection to national convention:
(winner-take-all or
proportional)
binding
State-wide Primary Election
non-binding

68. Presidential Primaries
WTA
delegates
candidate statewide vote
PROP
200
A= 45% 90
B= 35% 70
C= 20% 40
State Convention
National Convention D
determines delegate selection to national convention:
(winner-take-all or
proportional)
binding
TOTAL delegates
from this state= 200
State-wide Primary Election

69. Presidential Primaries
Primary determined delegate selection to national convention AD
State Convention
National Convention BD CD
binding
(Delegates for A, B, C)
State-wide Primary Election

70. Presidential Primaries
Primary determined delegate selection to national convention AD
State Convention
National Convention BD CD SD
binding
“superdelegates” chosen by Democratic Party rules
(not Republicans)
State-wide Primary Election

71. Presidential Primaries
Primary determined delegate selection to national convention AD
State Convention
National Convention
nominate President BD CD SD
binding
“superdelegates” chosen by Democratic Party rules
(not Republicans)
State-wide Primary Election