2. Which pull factor has led many immigrants to European nations in recent decades?
A to gain economic opportunities
B to escaping civil war
C to leave oppressive governments
D to avoid natural disasters

3. What physical limitations have been placed on migration in the past
What physical limitations have been placed on migration in the past? What helped move us past those limitations?
Bering strait, mountians, oceans…

4. SOME MODERN MIGRATION PATTERNS

5. How do ideas, products, technology, and culture spread?
SPATIAL DIFFUSION:
Alfred L. Kroeber originated the concept of “cultural diffusion.”
Expansion diffusion: an innovation or idea that develops in a source area and remains strong there, while also spreading outward to other areas.
Relocation diffusion: an idea or innovation that migrates into new areas, leaving behind its origin or source of the cultural trait.
Hierarchical diffusion: an idea or innovation that spreads by moving from larger to smaller places, often with little regard to the distance between places, and often influenced by social elites.
Contagious diffusion: an idea or innovation based on person-to-person contact within a given population
How do ideas, products, technology, and culture spread?

6. How did that happen?
The distribution of ideas, products, culture, disease, technology, innovation, languages and so on across space to other people.

7. How did that happen? McDonald’s originates in the United States
Saudi Arabian citizens travel to the United States.
McDonald’s becomes established in Middle East.
The distribution of ideas, products, culture, technology, innovation, languages and so on across space to other people.

8. This is called “spatial diffusion”
McDonald’s originates in the United States
Saudi Arabian citizens travel to the United States.
McDonald’s becomes established in Middle East.
The distribution of ideas, products, culture, technology, innovation, languages and so on across space to other people.

9. Here’s another example
Chocolate originates in Latin America
Columbus travels from Europe to the Americas
Dutch chocolate process makes chocolate the most popular treat in Europe and America.
Columbian Exchange!
… you didn’t expect us to leave that out did you?

10. And another … Corn originates in Latin America
Columbus travels from Europe to the Americas
Kellogg’s International sells Corn Flakes world wide.

11. And another … Small pox originates in Egypt and travels to Europe.
Columbus travels from Europe to the Americas
Small pox kills 80-90% of Native Americans exposed.

12. And another …
Slavery originates in Africa, moves to Europe through trade.
Columbus travels from Europe to the Americas
Slavery becomes embedded in agricultural practices in Caribbean and North America.

13. How would you describe “McDonald’s” in this example of spatial diffusion?
McDonald’s originates in the United States
Saudi Arabian citizens travel to the United States.
McDonald’s becomes established in Middle East.
Idea
Product
Culture
Technology
Innovation
Language
Contagion

14. The Columbian Exchange occurred among Africa, Latin America, North America and Europe. What is a lasting effect on Latin America from this exchange?
Europe left no lasting influence in the area.
Slavery is still on plantations.
Turkeys came from Africa and are still in their diet today.
African cultural influence is evident today.

15. The slave trade during the 16th and 17th centuries caused
continuous conflict between African kingdoms and European traders
a great increase in wealth among east African kingdoms
African slaves to be sold primarily in China
the diffusion of cultures between at least three continents

16. What causes cultures to change?
PATTERNS OF CULTURE:
What causes cultures to change?

17. Here is how people once lived in the these regions…
Here is a region…
Here is how people once lived in the these regions…
How would you describe their--
Language(s)
Religion
Land use
Trade
The Natives of North America spoke a variety of languages

18. And then this happened…
What causes cultures to change?
What changed in these regions with respect to…
The dominant language spoken?
The dominant religion?
The way land is used?
Trade?

19. What causes cultures to change?
CONFLICT!
INNOVATION!
TRADE!
MIGRATION!

20. “CULTURAL” DIFFUSION-- CONVERGENCE vs. DIVERGENCE
What are some results of cultures changing?
“CULTURAL” DIFFUSION-- CONVERGENCE vs. DIVERGENCE
Cultural Diffusion is a form of Spatial Diffusion.
CONVERGENCE: Cultures becoming more similar to each other
Saudi Arabia and China

21. “CULTURAL” DIFFUSION-- CONVERGENCE vs. DIVERGENCE
DIVERGENCE: Cultures becoming more dissimilar
Rural China vs. Urban China

22. Is this convergence or divergence?
Despite the migration of Europeans to Australia, the cultures have remained distinct

23. Is this convergence or divergence?
Despite the distance between California and Australia, the value of gold in the 1800s spurred Gold Rushes on both the North American and Australian Continents. Innovations in mining spread between the two countries.

24. An example of cultural divergence is
use of English as the language of business
adoption of European and American sports
popularity of fast food restaurants and pop music
Amish continuing to use buggies and horses instead of cars

25. Cultural convergence is one possible result of
spatial diffusion
religious fanaticism
ethnic conflicts
political gerrymandering

26. Population Pyramids
What can we learn about tomorrow looking at a population pyramid today?

27. Parts of the Pyramid AGE GROUPS FEMALE POPULATION MALE POPULATION
Oldest is at the top
FEMALE POPULATION
MALE POPULATION

28. So how do we read it? Well…
If you flip in on its side and cover up ½ of it
What type of graph do you get?
Bar Graph!

29. What is the widest part of the pyramid?
What is the total population for ages 0-4?
Are there more males or females in the age range ?
Age group 0-4
Approximately 118 million
males

30. This is a POPULATION PYRAMID. What do you notice?
What’s that stand for?
Why do you think that might happen?
What’s that mean?
What’s that mean?

31. POPULATION PYRAMID Let’s make predictions…
Are we ready for this?
What could go wrong?
If we know this is coming, what do we need to do?
If we know this coming, what do we need to do?

32. POPULATION PYRAMID What is true when populations live longer?
More elderly means more people are retired, therefore, a labor shortage.
Fewer young people means fewer people paying taxes; therefore, difficulty with social services.
More elderly means more people are on social security; therefore,… uh oh.

33. POPULATION PYRAMID What is true when populations are getting larger?
Huge population increase means greater demand on the food supply.
More people means more labor, but it also could mean more unemployment and labor abuse.
More people means greater demand for resources and raw materials, which means more deforestation which means… uh oh.

34. If one were to construct a population pyramid of a country that had recently been in an extended war, which of the following would likely be shown on that pyramid?
a large percentage of men in the 20 to 40 year old range
a larger percentage of men than of women
a small percentage of men in the 20 to 40 year old range
a large percentage of babies in the 1 to 5 year old range

35. What are differences in how people worship?
World Religions
What are differences in how people worship?

36. What patterns do you notice?
Buddhism
Christianity
Islam
Chinese religions
Japanese religions
Lamarst Buddhism
Southern Buddhism
Largely Eastern Orthodox
Largely Protestant
Largely Roman Catholic
Shia
Sunni
Other
Animism
Hindu
Judaism
No Data
What patterns do you notice?

37. What patterns do you notice?
The Buddha taught …the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path
Life is suffering
Suffering is caused by craving and aversion
Suffering can be overcome
The Nobel Eightfold Path will lead to happiness. (Wisdom)
Buddhism
Christianity
Islam
Chinese religions
Japanese religions
Lamarst Buddhism
Southern Buddhism
Largely Eastern Orthodox
Largely Protestant
Largely Roman Catholic
Shia
Sunni
Other
Animism
Hindu
Judaism
No Data
What patterns do you notice?

38. What patterns do you notice?
Christian history goes back to the Roman Empire.
The emperor Justinian established it as the official religion of Rome, leading to its spread across the empire.
After the fall of Rome, the Roman Catholic Church controlled much of Medieval Europe, while the Eastern Orthodox maintained control of Russia, Greece, and the Eastern Empire.
Buddhism
Christianity
Islam
Chinese religions
Japanese religions
Lamarst Buddhism
Southern Buddhism
Largely Eastern Orthodox
Largely Protestant
Largely Roman Catholic
Shia
Sunni
Other
Animism
Hindu
Judaism
No Data
Martin Luther launched the Protestant Reformation.
European colonization of the Americas brought Christianity to the New World.
What patterns do you notice?

39. What patterns do you notice?
Islam goes back to the teachings of the Prophet Muhamed in 610.
Muhamed is regarded as the messenger of Allah through the Q’uran.
Two denominations of Islam exist-- the largest is Sunni, the smaller is Shia.
Muslim belief, culture and architecture influenced Europe for 800 years, particularly in Spain.
Arabic influences are still seen in modern Spain.
Buddhism
Christianity
Islam
Chinese religions
Japanese religions
Lamarst Buddhism
Southern Buddhism
Largely Eastern Orthodox
Largely Protestant
Largely Roman Catholic
Shia
Sunni
Other
Animism
Hindu
Judaism
No Data
What patterns do you notice?

40. ANIMISM-- is worship centered on the natural world, especially animals
ANIMISM-- is worship centered on the natural world, especially animals. It’s prevalent in Central and Southern African.
HINDUISM-- is the world’s third largest religion, practiced primarily in India. Karma and Dharma are central to its tenets as is a commitment to daily morality. Hinduism concept of Varna, the categories of society, became associated with a caste system, which is now illegal in India.
JUDAISM-- is the religion, philosophy, and way of life for Jewish people. It is a monotheistic religion which explores the Talmud, its sacred scripture, for wisdom and morality. It is culturally and ideologically the basis of Christianity.
SIKHISM- The principal beliefs of Sikhi are faith and justice, in Waheguru—represented by the phrase ik ōaṅkār, meaning one God. Sikhism advocates the pursuit of salvation through personal meditation on the name and message of God
Buddhism
Christianity
Islam
Chinese religions
Japanese religions
Lamarst Buddhism
Southern Buddhism
Largely Eastern Orthodox
Largely Protestant
Largely Roman Catholic
Shia
Sunni
Other
Animism
Hindu
Judaism
No Data

41. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity share a belief in
The teachings of the Koran
Reincarnation and the Four Noble Truths
Papal supremacy
An ethical code of conduct and monotheism

42. Human Geography definitions
What other words do I need to know?

43. Demography
The study of population

44. Rural vs. Urban Countryside Traditional Cities Modern
High population density

45. Population density How many people live within a given area.
Usually represented by population density maps.

46. Standard of Living
The degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community. Who has the higher standard of living?

47. Human Development Index
A composite statistic used to measure a country’s standard of living. Look at: Education Health Income Living standard

48. Levels of Development Less-developed Newly industrialized
Low living standard, low HDI
Newly industrialized
Undergoing rapid growth and industrialization
More-developed
Highly developed economy and advanced technologies

49. Factors affecting HDI Literacy Rate Life Expectancy
The number of people able to read in a country
Life Expectancy
The average number of years a person born in a country can expect to live
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year.

50. Which form of government is best characterized by one –party rule, censorship, and the use of terror to maintain power?
Feudal
Democracy
Republic
Totalitarian

51. Which of these actions supports a cottage industry?
Buying earrings at a local arts fair
Buying organic milk at the grocery store
Buying sneakers from a retail chain store
Planting a personal garden at home