1. Introduction to Financial Risk Management
It is only by risking our persons from one hour to another that we live at all
William James
The Will to Believe, 1897
Chance & Brooks
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 8th ed.

2. An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.
Chapter Objectives
Provide brief introductions to the different types of derivatives: options, forward contracts, future contracts, swaps
Reacquaint you with the concepts of risk preference, short-selling, repurchase agreements, the risk-return relationship, market efficiency
Define the important concept of theoretical fair value, which will be used throughout the book
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

3. Chapter Objectives (cont’)
Explain the relationship between spot and derivative markets through the mechanisms of arbitrage, storage, and delivery.
Identify the role that derivative markets play through their four main advantages.
Address some criticisms of derivatives.
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

4. An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.
Business Risk vs. Financial Risk
Risk : Uncertainty of future returns.
Business Risk : Risk associated with particular line of business (e.g. future sales, cost of inputs in future)
Financial Risk : risk associated with stock prices, exchange rates, interest rates & commodity prices
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

5. An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.
A derivative is a financial instrument whose return is derived from the return on another instrument (their performance depends on how other financial instruments perform)
Derivatives serve as a valuable purpose in providing a means of managing financial risk.
By using derivatives, companies and individuals can transfer, for a price, any undesired risk to other parties who either have risks that offset or want to assume that risk.
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

6. An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.
Derivatives can be based on
Real assets; physical assets such as agricultural commodities, metals etc.
Financial assets; stocks, bonds/loans, & currencies
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

7. Derivative Markets and Instruments
In the markets for assets, purchases & sales require that the underlying asset be delivered either immediately or shortly thereafter.
Payment usually is made immediately although credit arrangements are sometimes used.
Because of this characteristics, we refer these markets as cash markets or spot markets.
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

8. Derivative Markets and Instruments
Options
Definition: a contract between two parties that gives one party, the RIGHT (not obligation) to buy/sell something from/to the other party, at a later date at a price agreed upon today.
Option terminology
price/premium
Call (buy)/put (sell)
exchange-listed vs. over-the-counter options
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

9. Derivative Markets and Instruments (continued)
Forward Contracts
Definition: a contract between two parties for one party (AN OBLIGATION) to buy/sell something from/to the other at a later date at a price agreed upon today
Exclusively over-the-counter (unorganized exchanges)
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

10. Derivative Markets and Instruments (continued)
Futures Contracts
Definition: a contract between two parties for one party (AN OBLIGATION) to buy/sell something from/to the other at a later date at a price agreed upon today; subject to a daily settlement of gains and losses and guaranteed against the risk that either party might default
Exclusively traded on a futures markets (organized exchanges)
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

11. Derivative Markets and Instruments (continued)
Options on Futures (also known as commodity options or futures options)
Definition: a contract between two parties giving one party the RIGHT to buy or sell a futures contract from or to the other at a later date at a price agreed upon today
Mixture Options on Futures markets
Exclusively traded on a futures exchange
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

12. Derivative Markets and Instruments (continued)
Swaps and Other Derivatives
Definition of a swap: a contract in which two parties agree to exchange a series of cash flows
Exclusively over-the-counter
Other types of derivatives include swaptions and hybrids. Their creation is a process called financial engineering.
The Underlying Asset
Called the Underlying
A derivative derives its value from the underlying.
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

13. Some Important Concepts in Financial and Derivative Markets
Risk Preference
Risk aversion vs. risk neutrality
Risk averse-not a risk taker
Risk neutral-risk taker
Risk premium
Additional return you expect to earn on average to justify taking the risk
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

14. An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.
Some Important Concepts in Financial and Derivative Markets (continued)
Short Selling
Normally, an investor would buy a stock & later sell it. In short selling, the order is reversed where you sell 1st & later buy the stocks (you begin & end up with no stock).
Allow short seller to profit from a decline in stock’s price.
Short seller borrow stock from broker, later he must purchase a share of a same stock in the market to replace the stock that was borrowed
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

15. An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.
Some Important Concepts in Financial and Derivative Markets (continued)
Repurchase Agreements (Repos)
A legal contract between a seller and a buyer; the seller agrees to sell currently a specified asset to the buyer-as well as buy it back (usually) at a specified time in the future at an agreed future price.
Repos are useful because they provide a great deal of flexibility to both the borrower and lender.
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

16. An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.
Some Important Concepts in Financial and Derivative Markets (continued)
Return and Risk
Risk : Uncertainty of future returns
The Risk-Return tradeoff (see Figure 1.1, p. 7)
Positive relationship between risk and return.
Risk, Return
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

17. An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.
Some Important Concepts in Financial and Derivative Markets (continued)
Market Efficiency
In Efficient market, price fluctuate randomly & investors cannot consistently earns abnormal returns.
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

18. An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.
Some Important Concepts in Financial and Derivative Markets (continued)
Theoretical Fair Value
It suggests that somewhere out there is the real value of the asset. If we could perhaps make lots of money buying when the asset is priced too low & selling when it priced too high.
In order to find that true economy value of the asset, it requires a model of how the asset is priced. E.g. CAPM & APT Models.
Derivatives emphasis is placed on determining the theoretical fair value of a derivative contract.
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

19. The Role of Derivative Markets
Risk Management
Hedging-reduces investor’s risk Setting risk to an acceptable level
Speculation (opposite to hedging)
Price Discovery-an important info. about prices as its provide forecast of future spot prices.
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

20. The Role of Derivative Markets (continued)
Operational Advantages
Lower transaction costs compare to spot market.
Provide greater liquidity than the spot markets.
Ease of short selling
Market efficiency
Derivative market provide means of managing risks, discovering prices, reducing costs, improving liquidity, selling short, & making the market more efficient.
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

21. Criticisms of Derivative Markets
Speculation
Comparison to gambling
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

22. Misuses of Derivatives
High Degree of Leverage - Powerful instruments as small price changes can lead to large gains and losses.
To use derivatives without having the requisite knowledge is dangerous.
Inappropriate use – investors tend to use it for speculation without taking into account market efficiency.
In Efficient market, price fluctuate randomly & investors cannot consistently earns abnormal returns.
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

23. Derivatives and Your Career
Financial management in a business
Small businesses ownership
Investment management
Public service
Source of Information on Derivatives
Summary
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.

24. An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.
(Return to text slide)
D. M. Chance
An Introduction to Derivatives and Risk Management, 6th ed.