1. Early Reform
Chapter 4 Section 2

2. Reforming Education Why started: Goals: Major Leaders:
Expanding education would help make decisions in a democracy;
Promote economic growth
Goals:
Create a tax-supported system of schools– public schools.
Major Leaders:
Horace Mann– Massachusetts senator; creator of the first state board of education.
Catharine Beecher and Emma Willard established schools for women.

3. Helping the Ill and Imprisoned
Mentally ill
Why started: upset that criminals and mentally ill shared same facilities.
Goal: Build hospitals that separated the mentally ill from prisoners.
Prisons
Why started: instead of punishing criminals, other methods should be used.
Goal: Reform prisons to make prisoners feel sorrow for their crimes.
Both reform movements were led by Dorothea Dix.

4. Alcohol
Industrialization brought about negative changes to society such as increased crime, sickness and poverty. Alcohol was seen as the root of these problems.
The goal of the temperance movement was meant to end alcohol abuse and the problems it caused.
Temperance= drinking in moderation.
Leader Neal Dow

5. Reformation Part 2
Chapter 4, Sections 3 and 4

6. The Abolition Movement
During the 1800s, a growing number of Americans wanted to end slavery on moral grounds.
This began the abolition movement.
Methods:
Antislavery publications, abolitionist societies, gave speeches.
Leaders:
William Lloyd Garrison; publisher of The Liberator;
Frederick Douglass; former slave

7. Slave Resistance
By 1830, there were 2 million slaves within the United States, primarily in the South.
Slaves often took comfort in their religion, finding hope during their difficult lives.
Some slaves resisted by sabotaging their equipment, stealing from their masters, running away, and revolting.
One of the most violent slave uprisings was by Nat Turner in 1831.
He and his group of slaves killed over 60 people before being captured.

8. Free African Americans
Once African Americans gained their freedom, they were still discriminated against.
Slaveholders, especially, were troubled by the presence of freedmen.
They believed the large population of freedmen encouraged those still enslaved to escape.
A group of slaveholders formed the American Colonization Society (ACS) , whose goal was to encourage migration of freedmen back to Africa.
This led to the establishment of Liberia, a colony for freed slaves.

9. Working Against Abolition
Many Americans (not just in the South) resisted abolition for various reasons.
Slavery’s economic impact in both the South and to northern industry;
Desire to avoid competition for low-skilled jobs with free African Americans;
Belief to some that African Americans are naturally inferior to whites.

10. Closing Question
Which of the reform movements of the 1800s was the most necessary to improve society? Why?