1. Ch. 8 Perception The Warped Chair by Ibride

2. Perception
a process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
“top down processing” And our brain 'knows' that a face is convex, not concave, so that is the way we see it. When we move, the face does not move in the way that a convex face would move, so our brain comes up with a different explanation, and we see the face move, following us wherever we go!

3. Impossible Dragon

4. Stare at the black dot in the middle
Stare at the black dot in the middle. You should see the outer edges of the circle fade away!

5. Stare at the image for about half a minute without moving your eyes and watch as it gradually disappears. This is a variation of Troxler’s effect which essentially says that if you fixate your eyes on a certain point, stimuli near that point will gradually fade.

7. Sensation and Perception
Chapter 8
Sensation and Perception

9. Change Blindness
Change blindness is a form of inattentional blindness in which two-thirds of individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the individual asking for directions.
© 1998 Psychonomic Society Inc. Image provided courtesy of Daniel J. Simmons.
Dateline: Did you see that? July 16, 2010

12. Sensation and Perception
These pictures should look similar

13. The True Picture

14. The Famous Mona Lisa…Frown or Smile

15. The Famous Mona Lisa…Frown or Smile

16. Our experiences shape how we perceive things:
Let us try something out:

17. You are about to witness the perpetrator of a crime!
Who done it?

19. Describe what you saw. Keep in mind, that this is a police investigation and that your testimony can be used in a court of law.

20. Young lady or Old lady?

21. What influences our perceptions?

22. Sensation & Perception
7/31/2018
is a tendency to perceive or notice some aspects of the available sensory data and ignore others.
Perceptual Set
What is seen in the center figures depends on the order in which one looks at the figures:
If scanned from the left, a man’s face is seen.
If scanned from the right, a woman’s figure is seen.
Figure 3.28 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

24. Auditory Illusions
If the sounds do not work click here for link.

25. Perceptual Illusions
Illusions provide good examples in understanding how perception is organized. Studying faulty perception is as important as studying other perceptual phenomena.
OBJECTIVE 2| Explain how illusions help us understand some of the ways we organize stimuli into meaningful perceptions.
Line AB is longer than line BC.

26. The images are exactly the same except for the thick black area in the right image (an example of the Poggendorff illusion (1860)). In the figure on the right, there appear to be two continuous diagonal lines: a red and a blue line. What occurs in your visual system that could account for the appearance of the continuous diagonal lines?

27. 3-D Illusion
Reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier Science-NL. Adapted from
Hoffman, D. & Richards, W. Parts of recognition. Cognition, 63, 29-78
It takes a great deal of effort to perceive this figure in two dimensions.

30. Impossible Triangle

37. Perceptual Illusions

38. Perceptual Constancies The Ames Room
Sensation & Perception
7/31/2018
Perceptual Constancies The Ames Room
A specially-built room that makes people seem to change size as they move around in it
The room is not a rectangle, as viewers assume it is.
A single peephole prevents using binocular depth cues.
Figure 3.25 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

43. Perceptual Interpretation
Perceptual Adaptation
(vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field
prism glasses
Perceptual Set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

44. Perceptual Set: Schemas
What you see in the center is influenced by perceptual set

45. What if we could sense everything?
Life would hurt.
So we can only take in a window of what is out there.
This is the study of psychophysics: relationship between physical stimuli and our psychological experiences to them.

46. Flying Saucers or Clouds?

51. Form Perception
Organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).
OBJECTIVE 4| Explain the figure-ground relationship and identify principles of perceptual grouping in form perception.
Time Savings Suggestion, © 2003 Roger Sheperd.

52. Grouping Principles Gestalt

53. Sensation & Perception
7/31/2018
Perceptual Organization Gestalt Laws of Grouping
Proximity
Seeing 3 pair of lines in A
Similarity
Seeing columns of orange and red dots in B
Continuity
Seeing lines that connect 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 in C
Closure
Seeing a horse in D
Figure 3.23 from:
Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall
©2001 Prentice Hall

54. Continuation
                                                                                                                    
Continuity

55. Proximity
Proximity
                                                                                                                    

56. Closure
                                                                                                                    
Closure

57. Similarity
                                                                                                                    
Similarity

58. Figure/ Ground

59. Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles
Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

60. Grouping & Reality
Although grouping principles usually help us construct reality, they may occasionally lead us astray.
Both photos by Walter Wick. Reprinted from GAMES
Magazine. .© 1983 PCS Games Limited Partnership

61. The General's Family
There are 9 people in this picture, called The Generals Family, which is a work by the Mexican artist Octavio Ocampo. There are nine different faces in this picture combining to make up the face of the General and to tell the story and the secrets of his life. Although perceived as a distinguished gentleman of solid stock, the images of his past betray his emergence from a peasant family and his impoverished beginnings. We see his mother and father, his wife and other members of his family, even his dog (masquerading as his hand) and as you study the painting you see behind the facade and read the story of a remarkable life...

64. A Man With Ivy Leaves Around Him, but Do You See a Couple Kissing?

66. Depth Perception
Depth perception enables us to judge distances. Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human infants (crawling age) have depth perception. Even newborn animals show depth perception.
OBJECTIVE 5| Explain the importance of depth perception, and discuss the contribution of visual cliff research to our understanding of this ability.
Innervisions
Visual Cliff

69. Binocular Cues
Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ. Try looking at your two index fingers when pointing them towards each other half an inch apart and about 5 inches directly in front of your eyes. You will see a “finger sausage” as shown in the inset.

70. Binocular Cues We need both of our eyes to use these cues.
Retinal Disparity (as an object comes closer to us, the differences in images between our eyes becomes greater.
Convergence (as an object comes closer our eyes have to come together to keep focused on the object).

73. http://www. psychologie. tu-dresden. de/i1/kaw/diverses%20Material/www
Shadow one
This illusion has been around for a while, and we were recently reminded of it again by Chris Stevenson, from London. Hard as it may be to believe, the two squares A and B are actually the same color. There are different ways of proving this, and we have seen some elegant solutions.

74. Brain Games 1

75. Size-Distance Relationship
The distant monster (below, left) and the top red bar (below, right) appear bigger because of distance cues.
Alan Choisnet/ The Image Bank
From Shepard, 1990

77. Human Factors & Misperceptions
Understanding human factors enables us to design equipment to prevent disasters.
Two-thirds of airline crashes caused by human error are largely due to errors of perception.

78. Is There Extrasensory Perception?
controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
telepathy
clairvoyance
precognition
Parapsychology
the study of paranormal phenomena
ESP
psychokinesis

79. Claims of ESP
Telepathy: Mind-to-mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving them.
Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events, such as sensing a friend’s house on fire.
Precognition: Perceiving future events, such as a political leader’s death.

80. Premonitions or Pretensions?
Can psychics see the future? Can psychics aid police in identifying locations of dead bodies? What about psychic predictions of the famous Nostradamus?
The answers to these questions are NO! Nostradamus’ predictions are “retrofitted” to events that took place after his predictions.

81. Putting ESP to Experimental Test
In an experiment with 28,000 individuals, Wiseman attempted to prove whether or not one can psychically influence or predict a coin toss. People were able to correctly influence or predict a coin toss 49.8% of the time.