1. The Nervous System Vertebrate Nervous System
CNS & PNS (Somatic and Autonomic)
The Spinal Cord
The Brain
Cells of the Nervous System
Cell Division
Neuron Anatomy
Neuron Support System
Reflex Arc
Neural Transmission (Action Potential, etc.)
Na+/K+ Pump
Neurotransmitters
Synapse Inhibition

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Human Nervous System

4. The Nervous System ___________ We use it to:
Communicate and take in information about our surroundings through speech, hearing, touch, smell
Move
Think
Create our perceptions of the world around us
It all comes down to a bunch of 0’s (no) and 1’s (yes)

5. Vertebrate Nervous System
__________

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7. The Spinal Cord Contains grey matter (nerve cell bodies and dendrites)
Contains white matter (axons)
_______________
Protected by the vertebra

8. The Brain
______________
Responsible for our voluntary movements, consciousness, behaviour, emotions, learning, reasoning, language, memory, etc.
……………
The right side is responsible for sensory signals from, and controls movements of the left side of the body and vice versa for the right side of the brain.

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10. The three main parts ______________
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla (Brain Stem)
______________
Medulla (brain stem) – automatic actions (breathing, digestion, etc.)

11. Peripheral Nervous System
______________
Two categories
1) Somatic Nerves – Voluntary
2) Autonomic Nerves – Involuntary

12. Somatic Nerves – Voluntary
Controls body movements by carrying information from the _________

13. Autonomic Nerves - Involuntary
___________
______________
____________
Used during stress, excitement or physical activity
Increase HR, increase BP, dilate air passages and pupils
Used during low-stress situations
Inhibits the effects of the sympathetic nervous system and promotes …………………..

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16. Nervous System: Divisions This video has been removed

17. Cells of the Nervous System
______________
Neurons – nerve cells that conduct nerve impulses

18. Cell Division Glial cells divide throughout the organisms lifetime
Source of most brain tumours
______________

19. Three types of neurons
______________
Interneuron (the middle-man): a local circuit neuron of the CNS that relays impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.
Efferent neuron (motor neuron): a neuron that carries impulses from the CNS to effectors (skeletal muscles or glands)

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21. ______________
Myelin Sheath: Fatty protection that insulates the neuron (allow the impulses to move quickly)
Schwann Cells: Special type of glial cell that produces the myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps ………………….

22. Axon
Axons are bundled together to form nerve fibres similar to the way small fibres are bundled together to form a fibre-optic cable

23. Neuron Support System
Glial cells – non-conducting cells, used for structural support and metabolism for nerve cells
____________
___________
Between the myelin sheaths are gaps called node of Ranvier which allows the ……………….

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25. Neural Circuits – Reflex Arc
Neural circuit through the spinal cord which does not use brain co-ordination
Example, touching a hot stove top
The pain and thermoreceptors in your finger stimulates an afferent neuron
_____________
________________
______________
**Since we leave the brain out of the equation, you remove your hand before you feel the pain. Why is this important?

28. Neural Transmission (Nerve Signaling)
Nerve impulses are powered by cellular energy and the electrical impulse is just as strong at the end of the neuron as it was at the beginning.
Signal does not become weaker
Studies to determine ………………….

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30. The Signal
Every fast signal sent from one part of the body to another is done through the electrical conduction down one neuron
______________

31. Potential Difference ______________
This is caused by the unequal distribution of “+” and “–” ions

32. Stage 1 - Resting Potential (Pre-stimulus)
______________

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35. Stage 2 - Depolarization
When a signal is sent through a neuron it depolarizes (an abrupt change in the charge difference across its membrane).
This is called an ……………………
_______________
-50 to -55 mV is called the threshold potential, if it goes any higher, the cell will fully depolarize as Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes in, making the inside positive relative to the outside.
Occurs in less than 1 ms

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44. Stage 4 – Repolarization (Refractory Period)
Repolarization: process of restoring the original polarity of the nerve membrane
__________
Sodium-Potassium pump on the cell membrane pumps Na+ back out of membrane and moves K+ ions back in

45. Sodium-Potassium Pump
Carrier protein is embedding in the cell membrane.
3 Na+ are transported out of the nerve cell
2 K+ are transported into the nerve cell
ATP is needed to run the pump

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47. Refractory Period
Recovery period required before a neuron can produce another action potential
Period of depolarization must be complete
___________
Re-establish the -70 mV potential across the membrane
Approximately 1-10ms (milliseconds)
Prevents the signal from going backwards

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50. Neurotransmitters ______________ They are made in the nerve cell body
Acetylcholine is responsible for much of the stimulation of muscles, including the muscles of the gastro-intestinal system. 
The drug curare causes paralysis by blocking the acetylcholine receptor sites of muscle cells.

51. How does the brain dictate how we feel?
It can change the way we feel by triggering certain connections in the brain ___________
___________
We feel pain when our nerve cells send the pain message to our brain using neurotransmitters
If we block these messages from reaching the brain, no more pain!

53. Synaptic Transmission
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it causes Ca2+ gates to open and Ca2+ to rush into the cell.
______________
This binding can either excite the next neuron by opening Na+ channels and causing a new depolarization or inhibit it and prevent a new depolarization.

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56. Alcohol and Inhibitory synapses
Among other actions, alcohol enhances the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.
______________
Also, alcohol weakens the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamine, which enhances the sluggishness even farther.