1. Study of the Day
Researchers observed 105 adults lunching at an all-you-can-eat Italian buffet over the course of two weeks. They recorded the number of pizza slices and how many bowls of salad each diner ate. Gender of each diner's eating partner or partners was also noted. Before leaving the restaurant, the diners completed a short survey indicating their level of fullness after eating, and their feelings of hurriedness and comfort while eating.
Men who dined with at least one woman ate 93% more pizza and 86% more salad than men who dined with only other men. The amount that women ate didn't differ when eating with other women or with men. When they ate with men, many women indicated feeling that they overate and were rushed through their meal.

2. Nonexperimental Research
Correlational

3. Descriptive Methods Characterized by no manipulated IV.
Major drawback- can not establish cause-and-effect
Sometimes have more external validity.
Best designs for variables you can’t mess with for ethical reasons.

4. Archival Data
Preexisting Data
e.g., customer service surveys

5. Pros & Cons Fewer ethical concerns Most of the work has been done.
Easier IRB
Most of the work has been done.
Limited info about participants
No control over info
Limited access to info

6. Observational Studies

7. Case Studies In-depth study of one individual
No manipulation or treatment.
Collection of lots of information.
e.g., H.M. and Genie

8. Pros & Cons Access to lots of info
Rich source of new hypotheses/theories
Limited generalizability
Relies on subjective experiences (self-report)

9. Naturalistic Observation
Observation of behavior in “real” settings.
e.g., shopping behavior or subways

10. Funny example

11. Pros & Cons Naturally occurring behavior More generalizable
Limited control
Observer effects (reactance)
Observer bias

12. Participant Observation
Special case of naturalistic obs. where the observer becomes a participant in order to gather more info.
e.g., Study of gangs while being initiated.

13. Pros & Cons More detailed info (more personal too) Reduces reactance
More costly (time, money, personal risk)
Objectivity (“going native”)
Ethically questionnable

14. Laboratory Observation
Observation of behavior within an unnatural context (Lab)
e.g., John Gottman’s studies of couples

15. Pros & Cons More control Limited generalizability Reactance
Observer bias

16. Conducting Observational Research
Systematic recording of events (use of a protocal)
Time sampling vs. Situational sampling
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
Use of multiple raters (inter-rater reliability)

17. Survey Research

18. Questionnaires Pros Anonymity Cheap & Easy Mass collections Cons
Low response & return rate
Lack of control

19. Personal Interviews Pros High response rate
More control over who & how
Can observe body language.
Cons
More social desirable responding
More costly
More room for interviewer bias

20. Telephone Interview Pros Less costly than personal
Easy to get random sample
Easy data entry
Cons
Resistance due to telemarketing
Must be very brief

21. Conducting Surveys Sampling Pilot testing/focus groups Random
Stratified
Convenience
Pilot testing/focus groups
Question development
Order effects
Response format

22. Validating Tests and Inventories

23. Achievement: General measure of knowledge and skills acquired.
e.g., GPA

24. Aptitude
Specific type of achievement
e.g., Reading readiness tests

25. Personality
Measure of motivational states or interpersonal capability.
e.g., Conscientiousness