1. How to read CXR continued

6. Air Broncho gram : are filling bronchi which is made visible by the opacification of the surrounding alveoli

7. disease of Lung apex
Pneumothorax Pan coast tumor bullae Pulmonary TB Upper lobe blood diversion reaching lung apices ( pulmonary plethora ) Massive pleural effusion reaching lung apices.

8. Pneumothorax ..sudden onset dyspnea, .chest pain
Causes
Chest trauma
Rupture air blister (bleb) …Tension pneumothorax
lung disease .pneumonia , cystic fibrosis ,chronic interstitial lung disease
Risks factors :male , smoker , age , genetics, mechanical ventilation ,previous pneumothorax

15. Pan coast tumor ( sup. Sulcus tumor)
Un common situation of primary bronchogenic carcinoma arising in the lung apex
Presenting as arm pain, shoulder pain , Horner syndrome, chest symptoms , wt. loss.

16. Pan coast tumor

18. Hilar lung disease
Enlargement : bilateral ..both are enlarged and denser than normal …ex: primary TB , sarcoidosis , Mets. ( ca. breast ) , lymphoma , infection , pulmonary arterial hypertension When asymmetric, one hilum appears larger than the other .
Displaced hilum : abnormal positioned , pulled to one side . Indicating loss off volume in the affected side ..or pushed to the other side : ex.. Massive pleural effusion, emphysema or pneumothorax of the contra lateral side
Normal positioned …it is formed by vessels and end on bronchi

19. hilum

21. Non symmetric hilar enlargement

22. The diaphragm

23. Diaphragm

26. Phrenic nerve pulsy

28. Event ration of the diaphragm
Abnormal contour of the diaphragmatic dome, it affect a segment of the hemi diaphragm