1. Cyclophyllidea Taenia saginata Taenia solium Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus multilocularis
Hymenolepis diminuta
Hymenolepis nana
Dipylidium caninum

2. Taenia saginata Beef tapeworm Get infected by eating beef
3-5 meters (20 meters)

3. Adults in intestine. Gravid proglottids shed in feces
Adults in intestine. Gravid proglottids shed in feces. Proglottid degrades and eggs released
Human eats cysticerci with muscle. Scolex evaginates and attaches to small intestine
Bovid eats egg. Oncosphere hatches, penetrate mucosa and enter blood stream. Go to muscle and develop into a cysticercus

4. Taenia saginata Pathogenesis
Not very pathogenic
Worm produces antigens = allergic reaction
Abdominal discomfort
Diarrhea
Nausea
Abdominal Pain
Dizziness
Loss of apetite
Obstruction of intestine if intensity is high

5. Taenia saginata Diagnosis and Treatment
Look for _____________ in feces.
ELISA
Praziquantel

6. Epidemiology
How do you get infected?
How do bovids get infected?

7. Taenia solium

8. Taenia solium Pork tape worm Most dangerous cestode? Cosmopolitan
Humans are
Definitive hosts
Intermediate hosts
Cosmopolitan
Mexico
Central America
South America
India
China
Asia

9. Taenia solium

10. Adults in intestine. Gravid proglottids shed in feces
Adults in intestine. Gravid proglottids shed in feces. Proglottid degrades and eggs released
Human eats cysticerci with muscle. Scolex evaginates and attaches to small intestine.
Pig eats egg. Oncosphere hatches, penetrate mucosa and enter blood stream. Go to muscle and develop into a ____________

11. Adults in intestine. Gravid proglottids shed in feces
Adults in intestine. Gravid proglottids shed in feces. Proglottid degrades and eggs released
Human eats egg. Oncosphere hatches, penetrate mucosa and enter blood stream. Go to muscle and develop into a ____________
Dead End

13. Pathogenesis Adults Cysticerci Not serious Cysticercosis
Establish in many tissues
Connective tissues
Brain
Eye
Muscles
Heart
Liver
Lungs

14. Human muscular cysticercosis

15. Human Neurocysticercosis and Ophtalmocysticercosis

16. Cysticercosis Seriousness depends on Fibrosis Damage to eye Brain
Location
Number
Immune response
Fibrosis
Damage to eye
Brain
Epilepsy
Nervous system malfunction
Blindness
Paralysis
Disorientation
Mechanical Pressure
Cysticerci begin to degenerate
Inflammatory response
eye

17. Diagnosis
Look for _____________ in feces.
ELISA
MRI
X-rays

18. Eggs
Eggs with well developed hexacanth and striated embryophore; x µm.

19. Treatment and Prognosis
Niclosamide
Only acts on adults
Praziquantel
Can kill cysticerci
Death elicits immune response
Brain: Seizures
Is this worse than natural progression?
Steroids
Surgery

20. Epidemiology How does a human get infected with adults?
How does a human get infected with cysticerci?
Autoinfection

22. Santo Domingo, a rural community in the state of Yucatan.

23. Pigs acquire cysticercosis because….

24. Pigs acquire cysticercosis because….

25. Pigs acquire cysticercosis because….

26. Swine cysticercosis

27. Differential Diagnosis
Taenia solium and Taenia saginata
Importance?

28. Statistics Epilepsy 6 times higher than developed nations Mexico
1.7% Ecuador
2.1% Columbia
3.7% Nigeria
6 times higher than developed nations
Mexico
12% neurological hospital beds

29. Economic Cost $15 million Mexico for hospital admission
Pork industry Mexico
$43 million in meat loss

30. Taenia solium Emerging Infectious Diseases March 2004 Oregon
California
Years
# Cases 43 ?
# Deaths 6
124
Born in Mexico
72%
72.6%
% from US
18%
14%
Age at death 33
39.9