1. Nutrient rates applied annually in the six treatments
Direct and Residual Effects of Balanced Fertilization in Field Crops of the Pampas of Argentina
Fernando Garcia1, Miguel Boxler2, Jorge Minteguiaga2, Ricardo Pozzi2, Luis Firpo2, German Deza Marin3, and Angel Berardo4
1IPNI Southern Cone. Av Santa Fe 910, Acassuso, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2CREA Southern Santa Fe, 3ASP, 4Laboratorio Fertilab
Results
Objectives
To determine direct and residual crop responses to the application of N, P, S, and other nutrients (potassium, magnesium, boron, copper, and zinc)
To evaluate diagnostic methodologies for N, P, and S fertilization of corn, wheat and soybean
To evaluate the effects of nutrient management on soil properties.
Corn, 23 site/years: responses were significant in 21, 8, 6, and 5 site/years for N, P, S, and NPS, respectively.
Wheat, 25 site/years: responses were significant in 10, 19, 6, and 3 sites/years for N, P, S, and other nutrients, respectively.
For double cropped soybean , 25 site/years : responses were significant in 3, 6, 17, and 8 site/years for N, P, S, and NPS, respectively.
For full season soybean, 11 site/years; responses were significant in 1, 3, 2, and 3 site/years for N, P, S, and NPS, respectively.
Corn and wheat yield responses to N were related to soil nitrate-N availability at planting.
C-W/S rotation
Check
Materials and Methods
A network of long-term, eleven on-farm fertilization experiments was established in 2000 by CREA Southern Santa Fe, a consortium of farmers from the Southern Santa Fe and Cordoba region, in collaboration with IPNI Southern Cone and ASP: Five sites under corn-wheat/soybean (C-W/S) rotation, and six sites under corn-soybean-wheat/soybean (C-S-W/S) rotation.
Soils at the different sites are classified as Typic Argiudolls or Typic Hapludolls
Fields were under continuous annual cropping for years and under continuous no-tillage management for at least 5 years prior to 2000/01
Fertilization treatments receive nutrient rates equivalent to nutrient removal by grain to keep the soil nutrient balance close to its original condition (P and S), or rates estimated from high-yielding experiments in the region (N). (Table 1), and are repeated every year on the same plots to evaluate direct and residual fertilization effects. No N is applied on soybeans.
Treatments are set in randomized complete block design with three replications at each site:
NPS
Response to P was observed in all four crops depending on the soil Bray 1 P levels.
Response to S was more frequent in corn and double cropped soybeans, and relate to sulfate-S availability at planting.
In general, no response to other nutrients was observed. NP
C-S-W/S rotation
NPS
Depending on the rotation, average soil Bray 1 P increased by mg/kg per year, in the NPS treatment and decreased by mg/kg per year, in the NS treatments.
Residual effects of N or S fertilization could not be detected in soil nitrate-N or sulfate-S analysis at planting.
Frequency of responses and yield differences increased along the six seasons of evaluation as a consequence of residual effects that resulted in soil fertility buildup
Nutrient use efficiencies (NUE, kg grain yield increase per kg of nutrient added) were , , and kg grain kg-1 N for corn, wheat, and double cropped soybean, respectively; , , , and kg grain kg-1 P for corn, wheat, full season soybean, and double cropped soybean; and , , , and kg grain kg-1 S for corn, wheat, full season soybean, and double cropped soybean
High values of partial factor productivity (PFP, kg grain yield per kg of nutrient added) for N, kg corn kg-1 N, and kg wheat kg-1 N, indicate high N efficiency use compared to data reported in other cropping systems
C-S-W/S rotation
Nutrient rates applied annually in the six treatments
Treatment
Check PS NS NP
NPS
Micros
kg nutrients/ha N
10-20
90-175 P
20-46 K
0-18 Mg
0-13 S
19-25 B 1 Cu 2 Zn
2-4
After four seasons of evaluation, one of the sites was taken out of the network, and residual fertilization effects were determined during the next three growing seasons
Residual effects on the NPS treatment increased yields by 2204 kg/ha in wheat 2004, 559 kg/ha in soybean 2004/05, 1031 kg/ha in corn 2005/06, and 282 kg/ha in soybean 2006/07.
Check
NPS Micros
NPS
Acknowledgements: To all the farmers and farm’s staff that participated in the experiments.