1. Chapter 4 Chapter 3 Chapter 5.1, 5.3
Evolution and Ecology
Chapter 4
Chapter 3
Chapter 5.1, 5.3

2. Macro Evolution

3. Biodiversity =

4. Speciation

5. Extinction

6. Ecological Niche
Generalists
Specialists

8. Historical Geology

9. Principles of Relative Dating
Uniformitarianism
Law of Superposition
Law of Original Horizontality
Cross Cutting Relationships
Intrusion
Extrusion
Unconformity

10. Uniformitarianism

11. Superposition- youngest to oldest
Click anywhere in picture to skip back to LAWS.

12. Law of Original Horizontality

14. Cross Cutting
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16. STEP 1
STEP 2
Click Step 1 to go back to sequence of events.

17. STEP 3
Click STEP # to go back to Sequence of Events.
STEPS 4-6

18. UNCOMFORMITY- a buried surface of erosion separating two rock masses
UNCOMFORMITY- a buried surface of erosion separating two rock masses. This represents a gap in geologic time...
Click to continue.

19. ….outlined below...
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21. Practice: what happened here?
Click to see arrows shoot in one at a time. #1= included fragments #2=intrusion, cross-cutting #3= angular unconformity #4=erosion. This is the outcome of the next slide.

24. Natural Selection Environmental Change/Competition
Genetic Variability (mutations)
Adaptive Trait
Heritable
Differential Reproduction

27. Ecology: The science that focuses on how organisms
interact with one another and with their
nonliving environment of matter and energy.

28. Rank the following terms based on levels of organization:
Ecosystems
Community
Organism
Population
Biosphere

29. Ecological Focus:
1)Organisms
2)Populations
3)Communities
4)Ecosystems
5)Bioshpere

30. What Sustains Ecosystems?
One way flow of Energy (open system)
Cycling of Matter (closed system)
Gravity

32. Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Trophic Levels
Producers (autotrophs)
Primary Consumers (heterotrophs)
Secondary Consumers (heterotrophs)
Tertiary Consumers (heterotrophs)
Detritivores (heterotrophs)

35. Intraspecific Comp

36. Interspecific Comp

39. Predator Prey Relationships

40. How do predators increase their chances of getting a meal?
How do prey defend against or avoid predators?

41. Predators Pursuit and Ambush Speed/Eye sight Camouflage
Chemical Warfare

45. Prey Protective shells Camouflage Chemical Warfare Warning Coloration
Mimicry

50. Ecological Succession
Communities in Transition

51. Ecological Succession
Definition: A process of community
development that involves a changing
sequence of species

52. Rate of Succession Three Factors: Facilitation – promoting growth
Inhibition – hindering growth
Tolerance – allowing growth

53. Primary Succession Definition: Ecological succession in an
environment that has not previously been
Inhabited

54. Primary Succession Cont.
Sequence of Events:
No Soil – glaciated/polished bedrock, lava flows etc.
Slow moving:
pioneer community forest community
Lichens Grasses Shrubs Trees

55. Hot Spots

59. What are the first organisms (plants) that you would expect to colonize this area? Early Successional Species AKA Pioneer Species

60. Lichen – symbiotic relationship between an algae and a fungus

61. Mosses – Primitive, nonvascular plants

63. What do lichens and mosses do that allows other organisms to colonize the area?

64. Soil forming

65. What is next? Midsuccessional Species Things that:
Need very little soil to survive
Need lots of sunlight
Can out-compete mosses and lichens

66. Grasses

67. Ferns

69. What is next?

70. Shrubs and Small Trees

71. Pine Trees

72. What is next? Late Successional Species
Things that:
Tolerate Shade
Can out-compete pine trees

73. Maple Trees,
Eastern Hemlock

75. Secondary Succession Definition: Ecological Succession in a previously
inhabited environment that was exposed to
some type of disturbance (forest fire, deforestation
etc.)
Soil is already present
Fast moving

80. Types of Forest Fires
Ground/Surface Crown Fires
Depending on their intensity, fires can benefit or harm
forests.

81. Fire Ecology Benefits: Release valuable minerals/nutrients
Reduce Crowding
Control pathogens/insects
Stimulate seed germination
Burn away flammable ground material

84. Fire Suppression Decreases nutrient cycling
Changes in species composition
Increased susceptibility to disease/insect/parasites
Accumulation of combustible materials:
Increases leaf litter
Increase in brush and small trees
Increased density of understory growth

85. Changing Views on Succession
Not necessarily a sequence
Climax Community vs. Mature (Mosaic of Vegetation Patches): Ecosystems are rarely, if ever, at equilibrium

86. Ecological Stability Factors of Stability:
Inertia/Persistence – resistant to change – e.g. tropical rainforests
Resilience – repairing damage – e.g. grassland