1. 11.3 Mutations

2. Review The Central Dogma is: Amino acid sequence . DNA mRNA
DNA controls structure and function of cells because it holds the code to build all proteins.
The Central Dogma is:
Amino acid sequence
. DNA
mRNA
translation
transcription

3. A change in the DNA sequence is called a Mutation
A mutation can also be called a mistake in the DNA

4. 2. 2. Mutations can be cause by errors in,
replication, transcription, or cell division as well as by forces outside the cell.

5. Mutations can occur in
reproductive cells
(sperm or egg) or
in body cells.

6. Mutation in sperm or egg
Only offspring affected
New protein that is better than before
New protein hurts organism or doesn’t work at all.

7. Only adult cells affected
Mutation in body cell
Only adult cells affected
Cell doesn’t reproduce properlymay lead to cancer
Cell may no longer work properly

8. 3.
A change in the nucleotide sequence (a mutation) in an egg cell or sperm cell [would, would not] be passed along to the offspring (child).

9. When is a mutation helpful?4.
When is a mutation helpful? .
It may produce a new trait that helps the organisms

10. 5. X-rays, sun, radioactive materials
5. What are some sources of radiation that can cause mutations in body cells?
X-rays, sun, radioactive materials

11. 6.
A change in a body cell (like a skin cell) [would, would not ] be passed along to the offspring.

12. 7. How can a mutation in a body cell cause cancer?
The cell may grow and divide too quickly.

13. 8. If the DNA is mutated, what will happen to the mRNA?
It will take the changed info into the cytoplasm and the tRNA will bring the wrong amino acid to the rRNA. The protein will be based on the mutated information.

14. Certain types of mutations are found in the genes or DNA
. Point mutation is the change in a single base pair.
EX. When you change one letter in a sentence:
THE DOG BIT THE CAT.
THE DOG BIT THE CAR.

15. 9.
The change in a single base pair is called a ________ mutation.
point

16. .Frameshift mutation is when one base is deleted or inserted and the whole sequence shifts.
EX: If you delete the letter G, from the original sentence:
THE DOG BIT THE CAT.
THE DOB ITT HEC AT.
EX: If you insert the letter A, into the sequence.
THE DOG ABI TTH ECA T.

17. 10
The addition or deletion of a single base is known as a _____ mutation.
frameshift

19. Chromosomes carry large amounts of genetic material and can also have mutations

20. Results of chromosomal mutations
Sometimes parts of the chromosomes break off during mitosis or meiosis. The pieces may join to the wrong chromosomes, join backwards or in the wrong places, or even get lost.
Most common in plants
Few chromosomal mutations are passed on because the egg usually dies.

21. 12 (no 11)
Chromosomal mutations more common in [ plants, animals ]. Why are few chromosomal mutations passed on?
The fertilized egg usually dies.

22. 13.
What is a mutagen?
A mutagen is an outside agent that causes a mutation.

23. What are examples of mutagens?
Radiation like: nuclear, X-rays, or U-V rays from the sun
chemicals like: asbestos and formaldehyde

24. DNA repair
Organisms have evolved several enzymes that check and repair DNA, but the more exposure to a substance, the more chances for mistakes.

25. A T T C A G T A A G T C DNA complement: U A A G U C mRNA strand:
T T A G T C
Point mutation: