1. Impact of Smoking on Adults Lung Age and Ventilatory Function
Omar Farouk Helal
Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University.
Introduction
Although a large body of evidence exists on the effect of smoking on lung age and pulmonary function, much less attention has been dedicated to using these effects as an effective strategy in smoking cessation. The present study was carried out to investigate the impact of smoking on lung age and ventilatory function in adult Saudi in order to use these effects in a future strategy for smoking cessation
Methods
Figure .FVC and FEV1 mean values for smokers
and predicted non-smokers
Discussion
Subjects:
One Hundred Healthy, male, adult (aged 18 – 28 years) light smokers for more than two years were eligible for study entry. Subjects were excluded if they had diabetes mellitus, blood pressure >160/95mmHg, or if they were on medication, had any history of participating in any regular exercise training for at least 4 months prior to the study, or were participating in another clinical trial.
Materials:
1- Standard weight and height scale (weight scale, made in Germany) was used to measure the weight and height of each participant and consequently the body mass index (BMI = weight "kg"/height2"m2") was calculated 13.
2- Computerized pulmonary function testing (PFA) apparatus (Carello Quark Cosmed SrI pulmonary function test-Italy) was used to evaluate Ventilatory function (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR) and lung age among the participated students .
Methods:
The subjects to be tested were lightly clothed and instructed not to eat before the test by 2 hours. The position of the subjects at the time of the test was standing position, then learn the subject what is meant by the various commands "breathe naturally", "take a deep breath" and "blow all the air out" was necessary explained before starting the test. The test was explained to each patient individually in simple terms and demonstrated for them before applying its steps.
Our study provides a conclusion about the difference between the ventilatory function and lung age of smoker students compared to non-smoker students. The study proves the association of smoking with deterioration of lung functions and lung aging.
Results of ventilatory function and lung age of smokers' students were compared with predicted values for normal matched non-smokers and showed significant difference in the FEV1, PEFR and lung age between the smoker students' values and predicted normal values. On the contrary; the study revealed non-significant difference in FVC between the smokers and non-smokers.
Cigarette smoking has been identified to be the most important determinant of ventilatory impairment15. Smoking impairs the growth of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in children16 and cause an accelerated decline in FEV1, in adults.
The concept of “lung age” (the age of the average person who has an FEV1 equal to the individual) was developed as a way of making spirometry data easier to understand and also as a potential psychological tool to show smokers the apparent premature ageing of their lungs.. Abnormal lung age is a clear message that the lungs are undergoing accelerated deterioration that would be slowed if the smoker stopped..
Conclusion
Results
The results of the present study clarify the deteriorating effects of smoking on lung functions and showed that the ventilatory function of smoker students are significantly lower than the predicted ventilatory function of age matched non-smoker subjects. Furthermore; smoker lung tends to be older than age matched non-smoker subject.
Eighty-one smoker students from were enrolled in this study. Their age ranged from 16 to 25 years with a mean of years the height ranged from cm to cm, with a mean of cm, and weight ranged from to kg, with a mean of kg and BMI ranged from 16.3 to kg/m2 with a mean of kg/m2Eighty-one smoker students from were enrolled in this study. Their age ranged from 16 to 25 years with a mean of years the height ranged from cm to cm, with a mean of cm, and weight ranged from to kg, with a mean of kg and BMI ranged from 16.3 to kg/m2 .
References
1-Lee PN, Forey B, Fry JS. Revisiting the association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and lung cancer. 2001; (10):
2- Nawafleh HA, Abo Zead S, Al-Maghaireh D F. Pulmonary function test: The value among smokers and nonsmokers.Health science journal ; 6:
3- Vaart HVD, Postma D S, Timens W, Hacken NHTT. Acute effects of cigarette smoke on inflammation and oxidative stress. 2013; 31:
4- Kaminsky DA, Marcy T, Dorwaldt A,Pinckney R, DeSarno M., Solomon L,Hughes JR. Motivating smokers in the hospital pulmonary function laboratory to quit smoking by use of the lung age concept. Nicotine and tobacco research ;13 : 1161–1166 .
5- Saxena S and McBean D. An investigation into the effects of smoking on physical fitness parameters in adolescents. Br J Sports Med 2010; 44 (Suppl 1): i30-i36.
Table 1
Character
Mean SD
Age (years)
21.53
1.6
Weight (Kg)
72.32
11.53
Height (cm)
170.75
6.28
BMI (Kg/cm2)
24.82
3.88
Smoking duration (years)
4.35
2.01
Cigarette number (cig/day)
12.8
5.73