1. Chapter 13
The Great War

2. In Europe, military buildup, nationalistic feelings, and rival alliances set the stage for a continental war.
Section 1
Marching Toward War

4. The Rise of Nationalism
Europe enjoys peace in the late 1800s problems level of the surface. Growing nationalism leads to competition amongst the nations of Europe.
Nationalism and the Balkan peninsula leads many groups to demand independence from the Ottoman Empire and Austria- Hungary.

5. Imperialism and Militarism
Competition for colonies stirs mistrust among European nations.
Mutual animosity spurs European countries to engage in an arms race.
Militarism – policy of glorifying military power, preparing army.

7. The Iron and Blood Chancellor
Otto von Bismarck was the Chancellor of Germany between 1867 and He, along side the kings of Prussia, unified the 37 different German states into one nation, Germany.
In order to unify the different German states, Bismarck manufactured reasons to go to war with traditional enemies of the Germans or with countries that held German speaking populations.
Went to war with Denmark, Austria, and France to gain land from those countries and to give the German people a reason to unite for a common cause.

8. The Blood and Iron Chancellor
Gains the nickname the Iron and Blood Chancellor after he gave a speech in 1862 in which he lays out his vision for a unified Germany. Says that “Germany will be made and maintained in Blood and Iron”
Blood- Implies that a strong and united Germany will need a powerful military as a deterrent for wars that could crush Germany.
Iron – Germany will need a strong industrial economy to maintain a large military and stability.

9. The Iron and Blood Chancellor
After 1871 the Chancellor of Germany declares “Germany a satisfied nation,” after unifying the 37 different German states into one country through war with neighbors.
Wants to try and maintain peaceful relations in Europe.
Feels as if the French will be the ones to cause a war in Europe due to their defeat a few years earlier during the Franco-Prussian War.
Believes that France will not be able to stand alone in a war. Too disorganized. Seeks to isolate them from potential allies who may help them.

10. The Iron and Blood Chancellor
Bismarck believes that France will try and take back Alsace and Lorraine as revenge for losing an earlier war. (Very valuable provinces on the border between Germany and France)
Signs a treaty with Russia to keep them from allying fully with the French in 1881 that guarantees non- aggression.
Forms the triple alliance – Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy in 1882.

11. Shifting Alliances in Europe
Kaiser Wilhelm II becomes German ruler in 1888 after the death of his grandfather and father, both previously supportive of Bismarck.
Feels that Bismarck is too powerful has too much influence over the German government. Bismarck is dismissed as Chancellor in Wilhelm begins to pursue a more militaristic agenda.
German alliance with Russia was dropped; in retaliation for the abandonment Russia allies with France. Germany now stuck in the middle of two great powers. (What Bismarck was trying to avoid)
Wilhelm begins to build navy for Germany, which alarms great Britain who was the naval power in Europe at the time.
Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente alliance in 1907 in order to protect from an increasingly militaristic Germany.

12. The Balkans
Many groups in the Balkans win independence during the early 1900s
Most of the Balkans is made up of an ethnic group called Slavs, who are closely related to the Russian culture.
New nation in the Balkans called Serbia wants to unite all the Slavic people into one country.
Austria-Hungary annexes Slavic region called Bosnia and Herzegovina in This outrages Serbia as it sees itself as the rightful ruler of all the Balkan states.

13. The Balkans
Serbians begin to fund efforts inside the Bosnian territory to undermine Austro-Hungarian authority in order to try and seize the territory from them.
Austria sends the heir to the throne, Franz Ferdinand, and his wife Sophie, to the capital of Bosnia, Sarajevo, to attempt to ease the tension inside Bosnia.
Serbian backed terrorist group known as the Black Hand assassinate both of them. Shot at p0int-blank range by Gavrilo Princip

14. The Ultimatum
Ultimatum - a final demand or statement of terms, the rejection of which will result in retaliation (Do this or else)
At six o’clock in the evening on July 23, 1914, nearly one month after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by a young Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia the ambassador of the Austro- Hungarian Empire, delivers an ultimatum to the Serbian foreign ministry.
Becomes known as the 10 points.

15. The Ultimatum
Serbia issues a reply that agrees to all the demands except one.
Serbia will not allow Austria-Hungary to send its own investigators in order to investigate and question members of the government suspected of participating in the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.
Serbia notifies Austria that if it does not like the response then they can refer to the World Court or to the “Great Powers”

16. World War I Begins
Austria did not want to negotiate with Serbia and saw the declining of the ultimatum as an act of war.
Russia, who felt like the protector of the Slavic peoples, sides with the Serbians and declares war on Austria-Hungary
The other great powers all urge Austria-Hungary to reconsider, but do not heed their warnings.
World War I begins on July 28, 1914.

17. The Great War 1
The War to End All Wars 2
The World War 3
Other Names

18. Short-Term Cause
Spark that started the First World War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary.
Assassinated June 28, 1914.
By the first of August all five of the great European powers were at war.

19. Long Term Causes of World War I
(MAIN)
Militarism
Along with nationalism grew militarism – the glorification of war and the military. The strength of the military determined the strength of the nation.
Germany had the strongest army, Great Britain the strongest navy. Before World War I military spending increased.
Arms Race - A competition between two or more countries for military supremacy.
Alliances
Defensive agreements among nations. A buddy system. ‘You got my back, I got your back.’
Secret Pacts leads to a “domino effect” where war is triggered between many different nations at once.
Imperialism
Competitions between European nations. The five great European powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary) all sought more power over the other around the world leading to mistrust.
Imperialism: Each tried to expand their overseas empires.
Nationalism
Pride in one’s country. Extreme patriotism.
Zealots - Willing to die for their cause or beliefs.
Slavic Nationalism: A movement called Pan-Slavism – all ethnic Slavs should have a nation to themselves, spread across the Balkans. Many Slavs were in Serbia, many were in Austria-Hungary. Russia supported the Slavs.

20. MAIN (long term) causes of WWI
Militarism:
Along with nationalism grew militarism – the glorification of war and the military. The strength of the military determined the strength of the nation.
Germany had the strongest army, Great Britain the strongest navy. Before World War I military spending increased.
Arms Race - A competition between two or more countries for military supremacy.

21. MAIN (long term) causes of WWI
Alliances:
Defensive agreements among nations. A buddy system. (‘You got my back, I got your back.’)
Secret Pacts leads to a “domino effect” where war is triggered between many different nations at once.

22. MAIN (long term) causes of WWI
Imperialism:
Competitions between European nations. The five great European powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary) all sought more power over the other around the world
Mistrust due to competition amongst nations causes hostile relations .
Imperialism: Each tried to expand their overseas empires.

23. MAIN (long term) causes of WWI
Nationalism:
Pride in one’s country.
Extreme patriotism leads to the creation of Zealots – person willing to die for their cause or beliefs.
Slavic Nationalism: all ethnic Slavs should have a nation to themselves, spread across the Balkans.
Many Slavs were in Serbia, many were in Austria-Hungary and did not want to be. Russia supported the Slavs.