1. Process-to-Process Delivery
UDP - TCP

2. USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL (UDP)
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is called a connectionless, unreliable transport protocol. It does not add anything to the services of IP except to provide process-to-process communication instead of host-to-host communication.

3. Table 23.1 Well-known ports used with UDP
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4. Figure 23.9 User datagram format

5. UDP length = Total length – UDP header’s length
Note
UDP length = Total length – UDP header’s length
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6. Example The following is a UDP header in hexadecimal format.
a. What is the source port number?
b. What is the destination port number?
c. What is the total length of the user datagram?
d. What is the length of the data?
e. What is the process?

7. Example Continued Solution
a. The source port number is the first four hexadecimal digits (CB84)16 or
b. The destination port number is the second four hexadecimal digits (000D)16 or 13.
c. The third four hexadecimal digits (001C)16 define the length of the whole UDP packet as 28 bytes.
d. The length of the data is the length of the whole packet minus the length of the header, or 28 – 8 = 20 bytes.
e. The client process is the Daytime.

8. Example A UDP header in hexadecimal format 06 32 00 0D 01 1C E2 17
What is the source port number?
What is the destination port number?
What is the total length of the user datagram?
What is the length of the data?
What is the process?

9. Figure 23.10 Pseudo header for checksum calculation
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10. Example 23.2
Figure shows the checksum calculation for a very small user datagram with only 7 bytes of data. Because the number of bytes of data is odd, padding is added for checksum calculation. The pseudo header as well as the padding will be dropped when the user datagram is delivered to IP.
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11. Figure 23.11 Checksum calculation of a simple UDP user datagram

12. TCP (Transmission control protocol)
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol; it creates a virtual connection between two TCPs to send data. In addition, TCP uses flow and error control mechanisms at the transport level.
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13. Table 23.2 Well-known ports used by TCP
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14. Example
Suppose a TCP connection is transferring a file of 5,000 bytes. The first byte is numbered 10,001. What are the sequence numbers for each segment if data are sent in five segments, each carrying 1,000 bytes?
Solution
The following shows the sequence number for each segment:

15. Example 23.3 The following shows the sequence number for each segment:
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16. Establishing a TCP Connection
SYN
Each host tells its ISN to the other host.
SYN ACK
ACK
Data
Data
Three-way handshake to establish connection
Host A sends a SYN (open) to the host B
Host B returns a SYN acknowledgment (SYN ACK)
Host A sends an ACK to acknowledge the SYN ACK 16

17. TCP Header Data Source port Destination port Sequence number Flags:
SYN
FIN
RST
PSH
URG
ACK
Acknowledgment
HdrLen
Flags
Advertised window
Checksum
Urgent pointer
Options (variable)
Data 17

18. Step 1: A’s Initial SYN Packet
A’s port
B’s port
A’s Initial Sequence Number
Flags:
SYN
FIN
RST
PSH
URG
ACK
Acknowledgment 20
Flags
Advertised window
Checksum
Urgent pointer
Options (variable)
A tells B it wants to open a connection… 18

19. Step 2: B’s SYN-ACK Packet
B’s port
A’s port
B’s Initial Sequence Number
Flags:
SYN
FIN
RST
PSH
URG
ACK
A’s ISN plus 1 20
Flags
Advertised window
Checksum
Urgent pointer
Options (variable)
B tells A it accepts, and is ready to hear the next byte… 19

20. Step 3: A’s ACK of the SYN-ACK
A’s port
B’s port
Sequence number
Flags:
SYN
FIN
RST
PSH
URG
ACK
B’s ISN plus 1 20
Flags
Advertised window
Checksum
Urgent pointer
Options (variable)
A tells B it wants is okay to start sending 20

21. Figure 23.18 Connection establishment using three-way handshaking
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22. Window size
Amount that can be sent without acknowledgment.
Receiver needs to be able to store this amount of data.

23. cwnd: congestion window
Figure Sliding window
rwnd: receiver window
cwnd: congestion window
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24. Example 23.5
What is the size of the window for host A if the value of rwnd is 3000 bytes and the value of cwnd is 3500 bytes?
Solution
The size of the window is the smaller of rwnd and cwnd, which is 3000 bytes.
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25. Example 23.6 The sender has sent bytes up to 202.
We assume that cwnd is 20 .The receiver has sent an acknowledgment number of 200 with an rwnd of 9 bytes. The size of the sender window is the minimum of rwnd and cwnd, or 9 bytes.
Bytes 200 to 202 are sent, but not acknowledged. Bytes 203 to 208 can be sent without worrying about acknowledgment.
Bytes 209 and above cannot be sent.
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26. Figure Example 23.6
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