1. Labor Mobility Labor Mobility
The movement of people from country to country or area to area to get jobs
Immigration
Refers to the process of leaving one’s home country to reside in another country
For people who are not citizens of the U.S., the U.S. can be a difficult country to enter
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The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in 2003 became
The Bureau of U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services (USCIS) as part of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
USCIS has two conflicting missions
Allow legal immigrants in
Keep illegal immigrants out

2. Immigration The U.S. is a nation of immigrants
Immigration is a federal matter in the U.S.
The first law limiting immigration passed in 1921
Congress amended the immigration laws many times through the years
In 1965 Congress adopted a system based on family reunification and employment skills
In 1986 Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act making it a crime to hire unauthorized immigrants
Employment eligibility is verified by completion of an I-9 form
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3. Nonimmigrant Visas Nonimmigrant Visas Major visa categories
Issued to those coming to the U.S. for temporary visit
Usually no more than six years
Most (96 percent visitors to the U.S.) come for temporary visits
Major visa categories
The B visa is issued for short-term stay
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The E visa is for noncitizens coming to the U.S. to carrying on trade between the U.S. and a noncitizen’s home country
The F visa is for students
The H visa is for workers
The I visa is for members of the media
The J visa is for exchange scholars
The L visa is for intracompany transferees

4. Immigrant Visas
For individuals who want to remain permanently in the U.S.
Individuals receiving immigrant visas are classified as permanent residents
Often called a “green card”
Two main categories for the issuance of immigrant visas
Family reunification
Employment-based immigration
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5. Refugees/Asylum Seekers
People fleeing persecution may request asylum
The reasons people move include
Economic globalization
Population growth in developing countries
New technology that allows immigrants to maintain contact with family
Technological improvements in transportation
For political reasons
To escape adverse situations
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6. Brain Drain
Record numbers of immigrants are moving to OECD countries in search of jobs
When skilled workers migrate from developing countries they do so for professional opportunities and economic reasons
This “brain drain” has become a serious problem for developing countries
Reverse “brain drain”
The growth of outsourcing and the movement of highly educated, technologically skilled employees and research scientiests to other countries
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7. Guest Workers
People who go to a foreign country legally to perform certain types of jobs
Guest workers provide the labor host countries need
Guest workers are desirable as long as the economies are growing
However, when economies slow, fewer workers are needed and problems appear
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8. Labor Force Productivity
Measures how many acceptable units are produced by a worker during a given time and the cost per unit
U.S. led other industrialized countries in rise in labor productivity
Up to a quarter of income growth per worker in the U.S. can be attributed to better education
Greater productivity results in greater investment in Research & Development (R&D)
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9. Women’s Education
Studies show a direct correlation between women’s education and
Birthrates
Child survival
Family health
A nation’s overall prosperity
Low levels of education are present where girls are forced into prostitution or brutalized
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10. Minorities Traditional Societies Minorities
Tribal, nomadic states of people before they turn to organized agriculture or industry
Minorities
Usually a relatively smaller number of people
Identified by race, religion, or national origin who live among a larger number of different people
Such minorities may be immediately available, bringing financial and managerial skills to the employer
However, minorities are often unpopular with the majority and discrimination is common
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11. Labor Unions European Labor Unions
Identified with political parties and socialist ideology
U.S. Labor Unions
Unionism in the U.S. has been more pragmatic than political
Also more concerned with the immediate needs of workers
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Japanese unions are enterprise-based rather than industry wide
As a result, unions tend to identify strongly with the interests of the company
However, Japanese workers are reported to be the least satisfied with their jobs in the developed world

12. Labor Legislation Collective Bargaining in the U.S.
The process in which a union represents the interests of everyone in a bargaining unit in negotiations with management
Labor Legislation in Europe
Government’s role is more active
Wages and working conditions are frequently legislated
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13. Labor Legislation Labor Legislation in Latin America
Governments are very active in employer-employee relationships
Frequently because the unions are weak and the union leaders are inexperienced or uneducated
Labor Legislation in Germany and France
Labor negotiations are conducted on national or at least regional levels
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14. Labor Trends
Strikes or labor disputes have fallen dramatically in the last 10 years
Union membership has been in steady decline
Employers have made efforts to keep union-free
More women and teenagers in workforce
Unions have been successful
Industrial jobs are declining
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15. Worker Participation in Management
Codetermination
Participation by workers in a company’s management
Began in Germany
Has spread to other European countries and Japan
Referred to as worker participation in the U.S.
European Union requires Works Councils
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