1. Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation
Chapter 18
Cancer:
Uncontrolled Cell Division and Differentiation
Pancreatic Cancer Cell

2. Tumors Benign Cancerous Remain in one location
Single, well-defined mass
May be surrounded by connective tissue
Cancerous
Abnormal cell structure; may appear undifferentiated
May spread
Edge of tumor not clearly defined

3. Malignant Tumor Development
Cancer 1
Cancer 2
Figure 18.2

4. Cancerous Cells: Lose Control Over Cell Functions
Dysplasia
Abnormal change in cell structure
In situ cancer
Malignant tumor in only one place
Metastases
Secondary, malignant tumors at other locations

5. How Cancer Develops Mutated or damaged genes Proto-oncogenes
Normal regulatory genes
Promote cell growth, differentiation, division, and adhesion
Oncogenes
Mutated or damaged proto-oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Regulatory genes repress cell growth, division, differentiation, and adhesion
P53  prevents damaged or stressed cells from dividing
P53 may be turned off, damaged, or mutated in cancers
p53

6. Factors Contributing to Cancer
Viruses and bacteria
HPV
Hepatitis B and C
HIV
Helicobacter pylori
Chemicals in the environment
Tobacco
Radiation
Dietary factors
Animal fats, red meat  increase risk
Fruits and veggies  decrease risk
Internal Factors
Free Radicals  antioxidants (Vitamins A, C, and E)

7. Advances in Diagnosis: Early Detection
Tumor imaging
X-rays, PET, MRI
Genetic testing  controversial
Identify mutated genes
Privacy and treatment issues
Enzyme tests for cancer markers
Telomerase activity
Screening large numbers of people

8. Cancer Treatments Conventional treatments Delivery mechanisms Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Delivery mechanisms
Coated metal beads
Light-sensitive drugs

9. Cancer Treatments Immunotherapy Starving cancers Molecular treatments
Promotes the immune response
Starving cancers
Inhibits angiogenesis
Molecular treatments
Target oncogenes
Nanotechnology

10. Ten Most Common Cancers
Table 18.3

11. Most Common Cancers Skin cancer Three major types Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma

12. Most Common Cancers ABCD for detection of skin cancer

13. Most Common Cancers Lung cancer Smoking is the leading risk factor
Early detection is the best chance for survival
1 year survival for all stages is 41%
5 year survival is 15%

14. Most Common Cancers Cancer of the uterus Breast cancer Prostate cancer
Includes cervical cancer and cancer of the endometrium
Breast cancer
Early detection is crucial for survival
Prostate cancer
Most common after age 50
Grows extremely slowly  5 year survival rate is 99%

15. Most Common Cancers Cancer of the colon or rectum Leukemia
Tests can detect them early
Leukemia
Chemotherapy often effective

16. Most Cancers Are Preventable
Know family history
Get regular medical screenings
Learn self-examination techniques
Avoid direct sunlight 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., sunlamps, and tanning salons
Watch diet and weight
Don’t smoke
Drink in moderation, if at all
Be informed