1. Chapter 15 Medieval Europe
Section 3
Kingdoms and Crusaders

2. I. England in the Middle Ages (pgs. 535-537)
King Alfred of Wessex, or Alfred the Great, united the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and drove away the Vikings.
King Alfred’s kingdom became known as “Angleland”, or England.
Alfred ruled England from A.D. 871 to A.D. 899

3. Who Was William the Conqueror?
In the A.D. 900s Vikings conquered part of Western France.
This region became known as Normandy, after the Vikings, or Norsemen, who ruled it.
Normandy was ruled by William, a cousin of King Edward of England.
When Edward died, William and
a noble named Harold Godwinson
fought for the right to rule

4. In October 1066, William and his army of knights defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings.
The Battle of Hastings was important because it resulted in all lands of England being claimed by the Normans who introduced feudalism to England.
William was crowned king of England and became known as William the Conqueror

5. William ordered the first census in Europe since Roman times that became known as the Domesday Book.
The Normans brought their French customs with them and eventually the two cultures merged into a new English culture.

6. Henry II and Common Law Henry II ruled England from 1154-1189.
Henry used the law courts to increase his power.
He established a body of common law, or law that was the same throughout the whole kingdom.
Henry also established juries to handle arguments over land.
1) Grand Jury: decided whether people
should be accused of a crime.
2) Trial Jury: decided the guilt or
innocence of a person.

7. What Was the Magna Carta?
Henry’s son John became king of England in 1199.
John angered many royals by raising taxes and punishing people without trials.
The nobles met with King John at a meadow called Runnymede in 1215.
They forced John to sign a
document of rights called
the Magna Carta, or the
Great Charter.

8. The Magna Carta took away some of the king’s powers and helped establish people’s rights and limited government.
In the 1200s, King Edward I gathered representatives from across England to advise him and help him make laws.
This gathering was known as Parliament.
The Parliament eventually divided into two houses:
1) House of Lords (high ranking nobles & church officials)
2) House of Commons (knights and townspeople)

9. II. The Kingdom of France (pg. 558)
After Charlemagne’s empire was divided, the western empire became known as France.
French kings called the Capetians (kuh-pee-shuhns) conquered lands held by the English in western France.
Phillip II became king of France and ruled from
Phillip went to war with England and gained control of land in Western Europe.

10. French society had three classes, or estates:
1) clergy
2) nobles
3) townspeople/peasants
In 1302, King Philip IV met with representatives from the three classes, conducting the first meeting of the Estates-General.
This was France’s first Parliament.

11. III. Eastern Europe and Russia (pgs. 539-540)
The Slavs settled villages in Eastern Europe around A.D. 500.
The Slavs eventually divided into three major groups:
1) Southern (Croats, Serbs, and Bulgarians)
2) Western (Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks)
3) Eastern (Ukrainians, Belorussians, and Russians)

12. What Was the Kievan Rus?
In the late 700s, the Vikings began moving into the Slav’s territory and became rulers called the Rus.
Around 900, a Viking leader named Oleg created a Rus state around the city of Kiev called the Kievan Rus.

13. Kiev Falls to the Mongols
About 1240, the Mongols swept into the Kievan Rus and destroyed nearly all the major cities and killed many people.
The only major city spared was Novgorod.

14. The Rise of Moscow
As the Slavs recovered from the Mongol invasion, Moscow, a city located at the crossroads of important trade routes, began to grow.
Ivan III, known as Ivan the Great,
became Grand Duke of Moscow
and began calling himself czar,
or emperor of Russia.
Ivan IV, known as Ivan the
Terrible, ended Mongol rule
of Moscow and expanded
its territory.

15. Map of the Crusades

16. III. The Crusades (pgs. 541-543)
During the Middle Ages, the Byzantine Empire came under attack from Muslim Turks.
Unable to drive them out, the emperor asked the Pope Urban II for his help.
In 1095 Pope Urban asked Europe’s lords to launch a holy war, or crusade, against the Muslim Turks and capture Jerusalem and free the Holy Land.
The time called the
Crusades had began.

17. Early Victories
Thousands of soldiers agreed to fight, many of them wearing a red cross on their clothes as a sign of obedience to the pope.
In 1098 the First Crusade captured Antioch in Syria.
They reached Jerusalem in 1099 and stormed the city.
The crusaders created four states:
1) Kingdom of Jerusalem in Palestine
2) County of Edessa in Asia Minor
3) Principality of Antioch in Asia Minor
4) County of Tripoli where Lebanon
is today.

18. The Muslims fought back and the Europeans sent another crusade.
The Second Crusade was a total failure.
In 1174 a Muslim named Saladin (sa-luh-deen) became ruler of Egypt and united the Muslims and declared war against the Christian states.
A brilliant commander,
Saladin defeated the
Christians and
captured Jerusalem
in 1187.

19. The fall of Jerusalem led to the Third Crusade.
France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire banded together to fight the Third Crusade against Saladin, which ended in a truce.
Around 1200, Pope Innocent III called for a Fourth Crusade, which merchants used as an excuse to attack Constantinople and seize its riches.
Six more crusades were launched over the next 60 years, but achieved very little.

20. Gradually the Muslims conquered all of the territory they lost to the First Crusade.
In 1291, a bit more than 200 years after the First Crusade, the last Christian city fell to Muslim forces.
The Crusades affected Europe in two ways:
1) Increased trade between Europe and the Middle East
2) Helped break down feudalism