1. CELLULAR RESPIRATION

2. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
ATP

3. Why do organisms need energy?
movement
Temperature control
growth
Active transport

4. Organisms get the energy they need from food

5. What are two ways organisms obtain food?
They can make
their own food
They can
consume food
autotrophs
heterotrophs

6. Plants make glucose; They also breakdown glucose for energy, ATP
Glucose in
Mitochondria
Glucose

7. But food is not a direct source of energy
But food is not a direct source of energy. Animals must break down the macromolecules in food to produce energy, ATP
ATP
glucose
glucose
Broken
down
Glucose
In blood
ATP
Glucose in
Cells
Glucose in
Mitochondria
Carbohydrates
Glucose

8. Now let’s
learn all
about
cellular respiration!

9. Cellular respiration complex process in which cells make ATP by breaking down food, such as glucose.
broken
down
GLUCOSE
ATP
Makes energy
for the cell
occurs in the
mighty
mitochondria

10. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs undergo cellular respiration.
Plants break down
glucose for energy
Animals break down
glucose for energy
Plant cells have
mitochondria
Animal cells have
mitochondria
mitochondria
mitochondria

11. Cellular Respiration
C6H12O O CO H2O ATP
(glucose) (oxygen) carbon (water) (energy)
dioxide
Does cellular respiration take place all in one step?
No, because the energy would be released
too suddenly, and most would be “lost” in the
forms of light and heat like the marshmallow.
Cellular respiration is a very complex process that
involves dozens of separate reactions that slowly
release energy. This way the cell can trap and store
each little bit of energy in the form of ATP.

12. Cellular respiration can be divided into three stages:. 1. Glycolysis
Cellular respiration can be divided into three stages: 1. Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

13. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain

14. Glycolysis 1 glucose C C C C C C in cytoplasm C C C 2 pyruvic acid C C
anaerobic
six carbon
compound
1 glucose C C C C C C
2 ADP
2 NAD+
in cytoplasm
2 ATP
2 NADH
Glycolysis C C C
three carbon
compound
2 pyruvic acid C C C
Only a small amount
of ATP is produced

15. Krebs Cycle pyruvic acid in matrix of mitochondria CO2
2 ADP
CO2 O C O
2 ATP C C
in matrix of mitochondria
aerobic
CoA
8 NAD+ C C
CoA
Acetly-CoA
Krebs Cycle
8 NADH C C C C C C
Citric Acid C
Only a small amount
of ATP is produced C C C
2 FAD
CO2 O C O
2 FADH2
CO2 O C O

16. Electron Transport Chain
ATP
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Matrix
ADP H+ H+
on mitochondria membrane
aerobic
NADH
ATP Synthase H+ H+
NAD+
+ H+ e- e- H+ H+
Electron Transport Chain H+
FADH2
FAD
+ H+
2H+ + O + 2e H2O H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ e- H+ H+ H+ e- H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
of ATP is produced
A large amount H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
Outer
mitochondrial
membrane H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

17. Electron Transport Chain
ATP
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Matrix
ADP
on mitochondria membrane
aerobic H+ H+
NADH
ATP Synthase H+ H+
NAD+ H+ H+
Electron Transport Chain H+
FADH2
FAD
4H+ + O e H2O H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
of energy is produced
A large amount H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
Outer
mitochondrial
membrane H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+

18. Energy cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration CO2 O2 sun glucose
plants
CO2
H2O
glucose O2
Cellular Respiration
plants & animals

19. Imagine our lives without cheese and bread…..
All possible because
of fermentation

20. Thank you fermentation!!!!!

21. There are 2 methods of obtaining energy from food:
Cellular Respiration
- - in the presence of oxygen
(aerobic)
Fermentation
- - in the absence of oxygen
(anaerobic)

22. Making Energy Cellular Respiration glucose Glycolysis Fermentation
Oxygen
Aerobic
glucose no
oxygen
Glycolysis
No Oxygen
Anaerobic
Fermentation
All organisms
from bacteria to humans
undergo glycolysis

23. Cellular Respiration Fermentation ATP glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + glucose
In the presence of oxygen . . .
(Occurs in mitochondria)
ATP
Break
down
glucose + O2
CO2 +
H2O +
Fermentation
In the absence of oxygen . . .
(Occurs in cytoplasm)
Break
down
ATP
Alcoholic
Fermentation
glucose
alcohol +
CO2 +
Lactic
Acid
Fermentation
Break
down
ATP
glucose
Lactic acid +

24. When oxygen is not present, fermentation occurs
When oxygen is not present, fermentation occurs. Some bacteria, some fungi, and your muscle cells can undergo fermentation in the absence of oxygen. O2
Fermentation

25. FERMENTATION O2 What is fermentation?
Fermentation is the breakdown of pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) to make ATP.
FERMENTATION
ATP O2
Broken
down
Pyruvic acid

26. There are two types of fermentation: 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation 2
There are two types of fermentation: 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation 2. Alcoholic Fermentation

27. Pyruvic acid is broken down to lactic acid and ATP is produced.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvic acid is broken down to lactic acid and ATP is produced.
ATP
broken
down
Pyruvic acid +
lactic acid C C C C C C

28. The sugar in milk (lactose) is changed into different cheeses by fermentation carried out by different types of bacteria and fungi.
Starter cultures of the following bacteria
are used in cheese production:
Lactococcus lactis
Streptococcus salivarius
Lactobacillus delbruckii
Lactobacillus helveticus.
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
and
Streptococcus thermophilus
are bacteria used in the
production of yogurt.

29. Adjunct cultures are used to provide or enhance the characteristic flavors and textures of cheese.
BACTERIA
FUNGI
Penicillium roqueforti in blue cheeses
Lactobacillus casei
and
Lactobacillus plantarum
for flavor in Cheddar cheeses
Propionibacterium freudenreichii
for eye formation in Swiss
Penicillium camemberti in camembert and brie

30. Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvic acid is broken down to ethanol and CO2 and ATP is produced.
pyruvate +
Ethyl alcohol +
CO2 C C C C C
Culprit:
Yeast

31. Production of wine: Yeast convert the sugar in grapes, (fructose) into ethyl alcohol.
Grapes fermenting

32. Yeast is used in the production of bread.
Yeast breaks
down the sugars
in dough through
alcoholic
fermentation.
The CO2 produced
causes the dough to rise.
As the dough is baked, the alcohol that is
produced
during
fermentation
evaporates.

33. What cycle is this? CO2 CO2 CO2 Pyruvic acid C C C 1 FADH2 2 ATP
4 NADH
1 FADH2