1. Infinitesimal Confirmation

2. Review Nicod’s Criterion:
A generalization is confirmed (to some degree) by an F that is G.
A generalization is disproved by an F that is not G.
A generalization is neither confirmed nor disproved by non-Fs that are not G or by non-Fs that are G.
The contrapositive of All Fs are G is All non-Gs are non-Fs.
The Equivalence Confirmation Thesis: Logically equivalent statements are confirmed by the same things.

3. The Raven Paradox
A red herring confirms the hypothesis that all non-black things are non-ravens.
The hypothesis that all non-black things are non-ravens is logically equivalent to the hypothesis that all ravens are black.
If (1) and (2), then a red herring confirms the hypothesis that all ravens are black.
[So] A red herring confirms the hypothesis that all ravens are black.

4. The Conclusion
A red herring confirms the hypothesis that all ravens are black.
Nicod’s Criterion (c): A generalization is neither confirmed nor disproved by non-Fs that are not G or by non-Fs that are G.

5. The Conclusion
An infinitesimal (i) is an infinitely small value.

6. The Conclusion
A red herring confirms the hypothesis that all ravens are black.
Nicod’s Criterion (c): A generalization is neither confirmed nor disproved by non-Fs that are not G or by non-Fs that are G.