1. Tropane Alkaloids
They are ester alkaloids resulted from the coupling of organic acids with amino alcohol (Base).
The parent base is the “Tropane” base.
Tropane Alkaloids are classified into:
1- Solanaceous Tropane Alkaloids.
2- Erythroxylon (Coca) Alkaloids.

2. 1- Solanaceous Tropane Alkaloids
Occurrence:
Atropa, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Duboisia spp.
Main Alkaloids are:
1- Atropine.
2- Hyoscyamine.
3. Hyoscine (Scopolamine).

4. Atropine & Hypscyamine
Hyoscyamine is the major natural alkaloid with negative optical rotation (l- form).
During extraction hyoscyamine racemizes to the optically inactive dl Atropine.
Both alkaloids composed of tropine base and tropic acid.

5. Hyoscine (Scopolamine)
Hyoscine is an ester of l-tropic acid with scopoline base.
Hyoscine is a syrupy liquid.

6. Separation of the Alkaloidal mixtures:

7. Chemical tests: Vitali-Morin’s test: P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde:
Solid alkaloid + fuming HNO3 → Evaporate to dryness, dissolve residue in acetone, add methanolic solution of KOH → Violet colour.
P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde:
Alkaloid + reagent in porcelain dish and heat on boiling water path → Intense Red Colour → Cherry Red after cooling.
Gerrard’s test:
Alkaloid + 2% HgCl2 in 50% Ethanol →
Red colour Atropine
Red after warming Hyoscyamine
White ppt Hyoscine

8. Pharmacological actions and uses:
The three Alkaloids are anticholinergic agents:
Decrease saliva and GIT secretions so used preoperative.
Decrease motility of smooth muscles so used as antispasmodics.
Stimulate respiratory system.
A mydriatic (causes dilatation of the eye pupil).
An antidote to organophosphorus insecticides.
Hyoscine has more central effect so it is sedative and hypnotic.
Hyoscine is mainly used as antiemetic.

9. Synthetic and Semisynthetic Derivatives:
Homatropine:
Synthetic drug prepared by passing HCl gas in a mixture of tropine base and mandelic acid in the presence of water.
Homatropine is less toxic than Atropine. It is hypnotic in small doses. Homatropine is used as Mydriatic with shorter effect than Atropine.

10. Hyoscine butyl bromide:
Quaternary Semisynthetic derivative of Hyscine.
It is used as antispasmodic and antiemetic.

11. 2- Erythroxylon (Coca) Alkaloids
Occurrence:
Coca leaves contain about 2% total alkaloids.
Main Alkaloids are:
1- Cocaine.
2- Cinnamylcocaine.
3. a- truxilline.
The base for Coca Alakloid is called “Ecogonine”

13. Cocaine It is the major Alkaloid in Coca leaves.
Cocaine is diester Alkaloid.
Heating at 160 0C in conc. HCl leads to hydrolyses of cacaine to MeOH, Benzoic acid and Ecogonine base.

14. Production of Cocaine commercially:
The total Alkaloids are hydrolysed to obtain the free base.
The base is then Methylated with HCl in MeOH.
The Methylated base is then esterified with Benzoly chloride.
Cinnamylcocaine

15. Uses: Cocaine was used as local anesthetic.
Cocaine has a CNS stimulant activity so is one of the widely abused drugs.