1. The Scientific Revolution

2. The Philosophical Medieval View
Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported the
Geocentric theory:
Earth was an unmoving object located at the center of the universe- the sun and planets moved around the Earth
Religion guided views too: Christianity taught that God had placed Earth at the center of the universe.

3. The Scientific Revolution
And new philosophy calls all in doubt,
The element of fire is quite put out;
The sun is lost, and th’ earth, and no man’s wit
Can well direct him where to look for it
’Tis all in pieces, all coherence gone;
-John Donne,
“Anatomy of the World”

4. Geocentric Theory

5. Aristotle (384BC – 322BC) Greek philosopher
Developed geocentric model.
Philosophies had long-lasting effects on philosophical theories.

6. Claudius Ptolemy (85AD – 165AD)
Greek astronomer, mathematician & geographer
Expanded Aristotle’s geocentric theory.
Introduced trigonometry methods.

7. Before the Scientific Revolution
Science was called “natural philosophy”
Science mixed with moral philosophy, theology, numerology, alchemy & magic
Ancient Greek sources highly trusted
Few experiments were performed

8. What was the Scientific Revolution?
From 1542 to 1700
Development of new ways to study universe
Old authorities no longer blindly accepted
Application of mathematics to natural world
Creation and spread of new ideas and discoveries

9. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
The voyages of discovery and colonization
Ancient & Medieval works translated into Latin, then vernacular languages
New inventions & institutions that promoted sharing of knowledge

10. Heliocentric Model Earth is not center of the universe
Earth is just another planet
Earth revolves around the Sun
Night and day caused by Earth’s rotation

11. Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models
Heliocentric Theory
Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models

12. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Sun-centered universe – heliocentric theory
Earth is no different than any other planet
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)

13. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Uses experiments & observations
Planetary movement is a mathematical formula
Planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits NOT circles
Confirms Copernicus ideas

14. Galileo Galilei ( )
GALILEO – designs 1st telescope w/lens & sees movement of stars & moons (similar to the movement of the planets)
Church believes heavens are fixed, unmoving & earth is central  they are furious w/Galileo!
Galileo accused of heresy (crimes against Church)  1633 brought to trial before Catholic Inquisition & he recants his statements
Brainpop

15. Galileo Galilei (1564 — 1642)
Gathered observational data that supported the Heliocentric Model
Wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632)

16. Why did the Catholic Church care?
Galileo was CATHOLIC!
The Protestant Reformation
Events had disturbed the faith of many Christians
Movements in the heavens which contradicted Church doctrine

17. Isaac Newton ( )
Universal law of motion  every object in universe attracts every other object
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) - Explained gravity (what goes up must come down)
Universe is a giant clock- all parts work together but God set clock in motion.

18. Geocentric vs. Heliocentric
Video Clip:
(7 minutes)

19. Andreas Vesalius ( )
First to dissect human bodies (even though a disapproved practice)
Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543)
His published observations included detailed drawings of human organs, bones & muscle.

20. William Harvey ( )
Published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628)
Showed heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout body

21. Francis Bacon ( )
English politician & writer with an interest in science.
Criticized ancient philosophers on how they arrived at conclusions.
Urged scientists to experiment in order to arrive at conclusions
Developed Scientific Method

22. The Scientific Method Observation Research Hypothesis Experiment
Analysis
Conclusion

23. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) French scientist & mathematician.
Developed analytical geometry (links both algebra & geometry)
Developments provided new tools for scientific research.

24. The Enlightenment --- Age of Reason

25. What was it?
Emerged out of Scientific Revolution & ended in French Revolution
Spokesmen = Rising Middle Class
Paris = Center of Enlightenment
Search for new laws/ways to govern humans

26. Key Ideas Distrust of Tradition and Religion
Scientific method could be applied to society as well
Man is naturally good

27. The World of the Old Regime
Built on tradition
World of hierarchy, privilege and inequality
Allied with the Church
Challenged by supporters of the Enlightenment

28. Conflict with the Capitalistic Middle Class
Size and increasing power of the Middle Class
New notion of wealth w/mercantilism
Tension and discord created by the Middle Class

29. The Philosophes (Philosophers)
18th century French intellectuals
Truth through reason
Natural laws – natural is good and reasonable
Happiness – belief in natural laws leads to happiness
Progress – for society (can be perfected)
Liberties – people should be free

30. The Problem of Censorship
The attempt of the Old Regime to control new thinking
Publishers and writers hounded by censors
Over 1000 booksellers and authors imprisoned in the Bastille in the early 1700’s

31. Famous Enlightenment Thinkers

32. Thomas Hobbes (1588 –1679) Wrote Leviathan (1651)
Convinced that all humans are wicked and evil
Humans exist in a primitive state and give consent to the government for self-protection
Absolute monarchies

33. John Locke (1632-1704) People learn from experience
Favored self-gov’t, people rule
Natural rights: life, liberty, property
gov’t protects these rights and if not, people overthrow gov’t
Wrote Two Treaties on Government (1690)
Inspired American Revolution

34. Francois Arouet Voltaire (1694-1778)
Admired English gov’t
Mocked laws of France and religion
There should be separation of church and state
“Ecrasez l’infame” – “Crush the evil thing”

35. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
“Power should be a check to power” – this is beginnings of separation of powers
Influence in the US – legislative, executive, judicial

36. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Individual freedom
“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
Direct democracy
1762- Wrote “The Social Contract” in which he stated that Gov’t is a contract b/w people and rulers

37. The Role of the Salon – Spreading Ideas
Wealthy women of Paris hosted social gatherings known as salons
Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists gathered to share ideas
Madame Geoffrin – most influential salon hostess

38. Diderot’s Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia (28 volumes)
Collected articles regarding all topics: science, politics, economics, slavery, human rights, religion, etc.
Critics were outraged & Pope threatened to excommunicate Catholics who read it!
Translations helped spread enlightenment ideas across Europe

39. Art and Literature
Enlightenment is reflected in the arts – music, literature, painting, and architecture
Baroque – grand and ornate TO
Neoclassical – simple and elegant, Classical music – Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
Development of novels

40. Enlightened Despotism
The manner of political reform – monarchs who embraced new ideas& reforms
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Catherine the Great of Russia
Joseph II of Austria

41. Impact of Enlightenment
Ideas led to people challenging long held ideas about society
Political philosophies of the Enlightenment inspired American and French revolutions in the 1800s