1. Energy in Earth Processes
New Unit!
Energy in Earth Processes
Question of the Day
What is electromagnetic energy, and how does it affect me?
What causes rainbows? 77

3. Energy
Ability to do work
Earth processes driven by 2 sources:
1) Major (external): the sun
2) Minor (internal): Earth’s interior

4. Electromagnetic Energy
Given off by all matter above 0 K
speed of light: 3.0 x 108 m/s
Transverse waves (right angles to direction)

5. Types classified by wavelength (distance between crests)

6. Frequency
Cycles per unit of time
Q: Which wave has the highest frequency: long or short?
Q: Which has the highest energy?

7. Low Frequency = Low Energy
High Frequency = High Energy

8. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Classifies energy by wavelength
Short Wave, Long Wave, Visible Light

9. Gamma rays, X rays, Ultraviolet (UV) Most dangerous Invisible
1. Short Waves
Gamma rays, X rays, Ultraviolet (UV)
Most dangerous
Invisible
High frequency, high energy
Sources: answers.com, schools.medphys.ucl.ac.uk, floridadisaster.org

10. Infrared, Microwaves, Radio Waves Least dangerous Invisible
2. Long Waves
Infrared, Microwaves, Radio Waves
Least dangerous
Invisible
Low frequency, low energy
Sources: target.com, sci-toys.com, abledata.com

11. 3. Visible Light

12. Long Wave = Low Energy = Low Frequency
Short Wave = High Energy = High Frequency

13. ESRT Activity 1. Mark Short Wave, Long Wave @ each end
2. Mark High Frequency, Low Frequency
3. Mark High Energy, Low Energy
4. Draw increasing bottom

14. 1. Which has a shorter wavelength than red light: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, UV?
2. Which color of the visible spectrum has the shortest wavelength?
3. Which has the lowest frequency: radio waves, infrared rays, red light, gamma rays?
4. Compared to the speed of gamma rays, infrared is: faster, slower, the same
5. Electromagnetic spectrum classifies by: temperature, speed, source, wavelength?

15. 1. Which has a shorter wavelength than red light: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, UV?

16. 2. Which color of the visible spectrum has the shortest wavelength?

17. 3. Which has the lowest frequency: radio waves, infrared rays, red light, gamma rays?

18. 4. Compared to the speed of gamma rays, infrared is: faster, slower, same

19. 5. The electromagnetic spectrum classifies energy by: temperature, speed, source, or wavelength?

21. How does energy interact with surfaces?
Question of the Day
How does energy interact with surfaces?
In the summer, which is hotter when you touch it: a black car or white car? Why? 78

22. Energy Interactions Refraction Reflection Scattering Absorption
Alaska-in-pictures.com

23. Energy Interactions Affect Weather

24. Waves bounce off material
Reflection
Waves bounce off material
Alaska-in-pictures.com

25. Refraction
Waves bend through materials of varying density
Direction of waves changes

26. Scattering
Waves refracted and/or reflected in various directions

27. Absorption
Waves taken in by the material

28. Which is scatter, reflection, refraction, absorption?
A B C D
Refraction
Reflection
Scatter
Absorption

29. Characteristics That Affect Absorption
Color
Dark colors absorb better than light
Dark colors heat up and cool off faster
Fast absorption = Fast radiation (give off energy)

30. Texture
Rough vs. smooth
Rough absorbs more, reflects less
Would a mirror absorb more or less than a rock?

31. 1. Which is the best absorber of energy: red, white, black, or pink?
2. Painting a house a lighter color will reduce the solar energy: absorbed, scattered, reflected, or refracted?
3. Compared with a dull, rough rock, a shiny smooth rock will cause sunlight to be: reflected, refracted, scattered, or absorbed?

32. Which is Hotter?
1) 220º F or 220 K?
2) 100º C or 100º F?
3) 100º C or 100 K?
4) 32º C or 0º F?
5) 32º F or 0º C?

34. Question of the Day How does energy move?
If you’re warm and hold hands with someone cold, what happens? 79

35. ENERGY FLOWS FROM HIGH TO LOW!
How Does Energy Move?
Put your hand on the table. How’s it feel?
ENERGY FLOWS FROM HIGH TO LOW!
High Energy
Low Energy
Your hand is “Hot”
The table is “Cool”
Which way is the heat moving?

36. Energy flows from Source to Sink!
Source – Where heat /energy comes from.
Sink – Where heat/energy goes towards.
Energy flows from Source to Sink!
Heat - Low Concentration
SINK
Heat - High Concentration
SOURCE

37. Dynamic Equilibrium (Radiative Balance)
Heat moves from source to sink until energies are equal
Temperature remains constant

39. What are the 3 methods that energy moves by?
Question of the Day
What are the 3 methods that energy moves by?
1. Does increasing temperature decrease or increase density?
2. Does decreasing temperature decrease or increase density? 80

40. Energy Scene Investigation
ESI
Energy Scene Investigation

41. Convection Energy Scene #1 Identify: Where is the heat Source?
Where is the heat Sink?
Which direction is energy flowing?
Energy transferred through liquids & gases by differences in density:
Convection

42. Convection
Ex.:
1. Atmosphere
2. Earth’s mantle (between crust & core)

43. Convection Cell (or Current) ● Circular movement
Least Dense
Starts to Cool
Cools Down
Heats Up
Most Dense

44. Convection Cell (or Current)

45. Warm Up
Cool Down

46. Conduction Energy Scene #2 Identify: 1. Where is the heat Source?
2. Where is the heat Sink?
3. Which direction is energy flowing?
Energy is transferred from particle to particle:
Conduction

47. Conduction
Most effective in solids, especially metals, since particles are close together
Ex.:
Getting burnt by touching stove.
Melting ice in hand.
Fire poker getting hot.

48. Radiation Energy Scene #3 Identify: 1. Where’s the heat Source?
2. Where’s the heat Sink?
3. Which direction is energy flowing?
Energy transferred through space or gases:
Radiation

49. Radiation Higher an object’s temperature, more energy it radiates
Good radiators = good absorbers
Ex.:
The Sun
Light bulb
Radiator

50. Summary Transfer of Energy
Convection → Movement Due to Different Densities
Conduction → Contact
Radiation → Waves

51. Match Them Up! Energy is transferred … ?
A. Through liquids & gases by differences in density
B. From particle to particle
C. Through space or gases
1. Radiation
2. Conduction
3. Convection

53. Question of the Day How is energy transformed?
Which is… 1) Radiation 2) Conduction 3) Convection 82

54. Transfer of Energy
Convection → Movement
Conduction → Contact
Radiation → Waves

55. Kinetic vs. Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy: object in motion
Faster something moves, greater its kinetic energy
More mass = greater kinetic energy

56. Potential Energy: “stored energy”
Related to position or phase
Ex.: higher object is above Earth, greater its potential to fall = greater potential energy.
More mass = more potential energy

57. Transformation
Potential energy can be transformed into kinetic
Ex.: Waterfall
Water at top - high potential
Water falling - some potential energy → some kinetic energy, resulting in an increase in speed.

58. Heat Production
Friction
Glaciers – Kinetic energy transformed into heat energy at interface (boundary) between glacier and valley walls.

59. Transformation of Electromagnetic Energy
Incoming solar radiation (insolation) – Short wave
Energy re-radiated by Earth – Long wave

60. What kind of energy is insolation?
What kind is re-radiated by Earth?

61. Temperature
Temperature: measure of average kinetic energy of particles in matter.
Greater kinetic energy, higher temperature.

63. Heat Energy
Heat energy (thermal energy): energy of motion of particles of matter.
Heat is transferred b/c of difference in temperature
Measured in joules: metric unit of energy

64. Conservation of Energy
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
Energy can only be transformed from one state to another.
Ex.: potential → kinetic.

65. 1. An interface is: a) change in state of environment; b) region below Earth’s surface; c) region with no changes; d) boundary across which energy may be exchanged.
2. Friction at an interface always produces: a) transformation of energy; b) form of pollution; c) chemical change; d) phase change.
3. Electromagnetic energy that reaches Earth from sun is called: a) insolation; b) conduction; c) specific heat; d) terrestrial radiation.

67. Question of the Day What is Specific Heat?
1) Is the energy transfer above: Radiation, Convection, or Conduction? 2) Which is the source, which is the sink? 3) The thermometer is measuring average kinetic energy or potential energy? 84

68. What is Specific Heat?
Quantity of heat needed to raise temp. of 1 gm. of any substance 1º C.
Resistance to heating up or cooling off.
High Specific Heat Low Specific Heat
Need More Energy Need Less Energy

69. Takes 4.18 joules to raise temp. of 1 gm. liquid water 1º C
BUT only 0.84 joules to raise temp. of 1 gm. rock (basalt) 1º C

70. Heat lost or gained = mass x change in temp x specific heat 1
Heat lost or gained = mass x change in temp x specific heat 1. How many joules to heat 10 g of liquid water 1o C? 2. How many joules to heat 10 g of lead 1o C? 3. Which requires the most heat energy to raise temp. from 5o C to 10o C: granite, dry air, lead, or iron?