1. Status of AMoRE AMoRE (Advanced Mo-based Rare process Experiment)
Presented by HongJoo Kim (KyungPook National Univ.)
Seminar on Dark Matter and Double Beta Decay Search
Sept. 22, 2011, YangYang , Korea

2. Neutrino No charge 3 flavor Mass /Mixing neutrino oscillation
absolute mass?
Type
Dirac or Majorana?
CP violation?
Magnetic moment?

3. Double Beta Decay (2)n p e- e n p e- e
(A,Z)  (A,Z+2) + 2 e- + 2e
Here is beta decay, and here is double beta decay – both in the same nucleus.
It only happens for certain nuclei that can’t undergo single beta decay. In these figures the energy released with a change in atomic number of 1 unit is shown on the left for nuclei with odd atomic mass number A, and for those with even atomic mass number. If the mass number is odd its always favourable to decay via a single beta decay – the isotopes tend towards the bottom of this energy parabola into a stable state. But for even A nuclei, there are two parabolas and sometimes the decay by a single beta requires energy input – so this step doesn’t happen, unless another energetically favourable beta decay happens simultaneously in the same nucleus.
Thats simplified here – the intermediate step – a unitary chage in Z is energetically forbidden, but the combined process of two steps – a change in Z of 2 can occur.
It turns out that there are only 35 isotopes known to undergo this process.
This 2 neutrino double beta decay is a second order process in the standard model, but it does occur and has been observed. 0+ 1+
(A,Z)
(A,Z+1)
(A,Z+2)
Only 35 isotopes known in nature

4. Double beta decay process
2n bb decay
2nd order beta decay
Rare nuclear decay
(>1018 years)
0n bb decay
n mass>0 &
Majorana particle
2) New Physics e ν N N’
2νββ e ν N N’
0νββ A B
Transition bb
allowed
Forbidden  transition Z
Energy
Z+1
Z+2
Qbb
100Mo
100Ru
100Tc

5. History 1934: E. Fermi theory of weak interaction
1935: M. Goeppert Meyer discussed 2
1938: E. Majorana two component neutrino
1939: H. Furry discussed 0
1949: First half-life limits (Fireman, Fremlin,...)
I thought it would be nice to take a look at the history of double beta decay. It was first proposed by Maria Goeppet-Mayer in 1935, and the zero mode was first discussed in It took a while for the first limits on the 2 neutrino mode half life. The first indirect evidence came from geochemistry and the first direct observation was reported in 1987 in an experiment situated under the Hoover dam. And in 2001 the first evidence for the neutrinoless mode was published but this has been widely disputed in the community.
1967: First geochemical evidence for 2
1987: First laboratory evidence for 2
2001: First laboratory evidence for 0???

6. First experimental results
PHYSICAL REVIEW 146 (1966) 810
48CaF2(Eu), 19 g  T1/20 >21020 yr

7. Heidelberg -Moscow Many critism around!! T1/2 = 0.6 - 8.4 x 1025 yr
Subgroup of collaboration
T1/2 = x 1025 yr
m = eV
H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus et al, Phys. Lett. B 586, 198 (2004)

8. Theory issues 1/T0n 1/2 = G0n(E0,Z) |M0n|2 <mbb>2,
The decay rate is related to <mbb> by
1/T0n 1/2 = G0n(E0,Z) |M0n|2 <mbb>2,
Where G0n(E0,Z) is calculable phase space factor (~ Qbb5),
M0n-Nuclear Matrix Element, hard to calculate
Uncertain to factor 2-10, isotope dependent
Motivation to measure several isotopes
The two basic and complementary methods of evaluating
M are the nuclear shell model (SM) and the
Quasiparticle Random Phase Approximation (QRPA) and
its various modifications.

9. Nuclear Matrix Elements Prediction
M. Lindner
QRPA, RQRPA:
V.Rodin, A. Faessler, F. Simkovic,
P. Vogel, Nucl. Phys. A 793, 213 (2007)
Shell model: E. Caurieratal.
Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 427 (2005).

10. Experimental sensitivity
T0n1/2 ~ e . a
e – efficiency,
a – enrichment,
M – mass,
t - time of measurement (limited),
FWHM – energy resolution,
B - background

11. Experimental Technique
Two classes of approach to the experiment:
Active detector
Ionization detectors : HPGe, CZT, LXe
IGEX, H-M,Gerda, Majorana, COBRA, EXO, XMASS
* Klapdor published positve evidence. Phys. Lett. B 586, 198 (2004)
Scintillation detectors : CdWo4, CaF2, CaMoO4
KieV-Florence-CdWO4, CANDLES, SNO++ (LSC)
Bolometer detectors : TeO2
CUORICINO, CUORE
Bolometer + Scintillator: CaMoO4, CdWO4, ZnSe..
Passive detector
Tracking detectors : foil +tracking+scin
NEMO, MOON, SuperNEMO

12. Status of neutrino-less double beta decay searches

13. AMoRe Some Proposals Gerda COBRA EXO Enriched Xe 76Ge CUORE LNGS
Majorana 76Ge USA
EXO
Enriched Xe
Gerda
76Ge
LNGS
CUORE
TeO2 bolometers
LNGS
COBRA
And lots of people are thinking about this.
This is by no means a complete list, just some proposals that illustrate the range of technologies and isotopes under study.
Of course I’m going to focus on the COBRA experiment today since that is what I work on.
Super NEMO
Range of isotopes
AMoRe

14. Scintillation Crystals for bb (Calorimeter technique)
300g 116CdWO4 bb search by Kiev group; >0.7x1023 years
Enrichment, PSD, active shielding -> successful
CaMoO4 ; Mo, Ca bb search
* First recognized by this group
(H.J.Kim et al, New view in particle physics,Vietnam Aug 2004.)
* Scintillation bolometer
CaMoO4
DBD for 100Mo (3034 keV), 48Ca (4272 keV)
Light output; 10-20% of CsI(Tl) at 20o,
increase at lower temp.
Decay time ; 16 μ sec
Wavelength; ns-> RbCs PMT or APD
Pulse shape discrimination
First developed 2003
(5x5x5mm3)

15. History for CaMoO4 1) 2002 : Idea and try to grow CMO in Korea
2) 2003 : Discussion with V.Kornokov
=> Send test CMO (better quality)
3) 2004 : CMO test and Conference presentation,
Extended idea of XMoO4, low temp. CaMoO4
4) : Large CMO with 1st ISTC project
5) : Discussion with F. Danevich
=> CMO by Lviv and collaborative effort
6) : CMO R&D in low temp. started.
7) : 2nd ISTC approved in Russis (3kg 100Mo and 48Ca depleted CaMoO4 crystal growing project)
8) : AMORE collaboration formed
Proc. New View in Particle Physics
(VIETNAM ’2004) Aug. 2004, p.449
IEEE Nucl. Sci. 52, 1131 (2005)
NIMA 584, 334 (2008)
IEEE Nucl. Sci. (2010)

16. AMoRE Collaboration 4 countries 9 institutions 69 collaborators
Korea (35)
Seoul National University : H.Bhang, S.Choi, M.J.Kim, S.K.Kim, M.J.Lee, S.S.Myung, S.Olsen, Y. Sato, K.Tanida, S.C.Kim, J.Choi, H.S.Lee, S.J.Lee, J.H.Lee, J.K.Lee, X.Li, J.Li, H.Kang, H.K.Kang, Y.Oh, S.J.Kim, E.H.Kim, K.Tshoo, D.K.Kim(24)
Sejong University : Y.D.Kim, E.-J.Jeon, K. Ma, J.I.Lee, W.Kang, J.Hwa (5)
Kyungpook national University : H.J.Kim, J.So, Hua Jiang, Y.S.Hwang(4)
KRISS : Y.H.Kim, M.K.Lee, H.S.Park, J.H.Kim, J.M.Lee , K.B.Lee(6)
Russia (16)
ITEP(Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics) : V.Kornoukhov, P. Ploz, N.Khanbekov (3)
Baksan National Observatory : A.Ganggapshev, A.Gezhaev, V.Gurentsov, V.Kuzminov, V.Kazalov, O.Mineev, S.Panasenko, S.Ratkevich, A.Verensnikova, S.Yakimenko, N.Yershov, K.Efendiev, Y.Gabriljuk (13)
Ukraine(11)
INR(Institute for Nuclear Research) : F.Danevich, V.Tretyak, V.Kobychev, A.Nikolaiko, D.Poda, R.Boiko, R.Podviianiuk, S.Nagorny, O.Polischuk, V.Kudovbenko, D.Chernyak(11)
China(3)
Tsinghua University : Y.Li, Q.Yue(2)
Sichuan University : J. Zhu(1)
4 countries
9 institutions
69 collaborators

17. 100Mo, 40Ca enriched materials (Prepared by V.N.Kornoukhov)
Mo-100 isotope production: The ECP (Electrochemical plant) Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsky kray, Siberia
100MoO3 oxide with mass of Mo-100 : 2,5 kg
Enrichment: Mo-100 = 96,1%
Impurities (the results from ICP MS measurements):
U <= ppm (< 0,07 ppb) and <= ppm (< 0,2 ppb)
Th <= ppm (< 0,1 ppb) and <= ppm (< 0,7 ppb)
226Ra < 2,3 mBq/kg, 228Ac < 3,8 mBq/kg
Current capacity is 0,6 kg of Mo-100 per month (7-8 kg per year).
The industrial separator SU20 Lesnoy, Sverdlovky region
27 kg of Ca-40 (40CaCO3) is available now at EKP, Lesnoy
Ca-48 < 0,001%

18. 48Ca Enrichment/Depletion at KAERI(Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute)
ALSIS (Advanced Laser Stable Isotope Separation)
- Features : Isotope-Selective Optical Pumping (ISOP)
followed by Non-selective Resonant Photoionization (RPI)
- ISOP gives good isotope-selectivity and non-selective RPI high yield. +
RPI
(-) Charge collector
target isotope
other isotope
target isotope ion
Atomic vapor
ISOP

19. 48Ca Enrichment/Depletion at KAERI
Special features of ALSIS
- Isotope-selective optical pumping
followed by resonant photo-ionization
- Ideal for 48Ca Production
- Fiber-based lasers : most advanced, maintenance-free
Engineering Demonstration (2010~2012)
- Production capability : 1kg/yr
Production Demonstration for (2013 – 2014)
- Production capability : 5 kg/yr

20. CaMoO4 crystal development
12.5 cm
2.2 cm
Russia(2006)
Korea(2003)
Ukraine-CARAT(2006)
IEEE/TNS 2008
30x30x200mm
Russia (2007), 1st ISTC project
2nd ISTC project (2009~) for 48deplCa100MoO4

21. CaMoO4 crystal Photo-electron yield
4% FWHM at 3 MeV
Only with photoelectron statistics

22. CaMoO4 crystal energy resolution optimization
137Cs
6 oC
NIMA 584, 334 (2008)
27 oC
5% FWHM at 3 MeV

23. CaMoO4 study
Ea/b = 0.20 with 5.5MeV a
Pulse shape discrimination

24. BG spectra of SB28 ( by Jungho’s talk)
b-a decay in 238U
214Bi (Q-value : 3.27-MeV) → 214Po (Q-value : 7.83-MeV)→ 210Pb
a-a decay in 232Th
220Rn (Q-value : 6.41-MeV) → 216Po (Q-value : 6.91-MeV)→ 212Pb
Th-232 chain
216Po : 1.61-MeV, 57 events ≈ 0.07mBq/kg
U-238 chain
214Po : 1.93-MeV, 63 events ≈ 0.08mBq/kg
220Rn : 1.45-MeV
214Bi (Q-value : 3.27-MeV)

25. Upgrade plan of 4p CsI detector and shielding
cutrrent setup
Future setup
CsI(Tl)
CsI(Tl)
CsI(Tl)
CsI(Tl)
CsI(Tl)
CsI(Tl)
CsI(Tl)
CsI(Tl)
14 CsI channel + 14 PMT
12 CsI channels (side) were shared
a PMT with neighbor channel.
14 CsI channel + 26 PMT
12 CsI channels (side) will be attached with 2 PMTs.
New Shielding : 10 cm Pb, Polyethylene shielding will be build

26. Sensitivity of 40Ca100MoO4 Mo-100 2n Signal (mn=0.4eV) Bi-214 Tl-208
3kg (100Mo) : 48Ca depletion
3 years  6.0x1024 y
(mn= 0.2~0.7 eV)
Mo-100 2n
Signal (mn=0.4eV)
Bi-214
Tl-208
10s significance
Claim by Klapdor-Kleingrothaus et al.
 mn = 0.4 eV
GEANT4 study
(by Dr J.I.Lee)

27. Low temperature phonon detection technique
x-ray, γ-ray, e-,
WIMP, etc.
Choice of thermometers
Thermistors (doped Ge, Si)
TES (Transition Edge Sensor)
MMC (Metallic Magnetic Calorimeter )
STJ, KID etc.

28. Scintillating bolometers detection technique
Reflecting internal cavity (Ag-coated Cu)
Scintillating crystal
Ge-NTD
Optical detector (Ge disk)
20 mK

29. Temperature dependence of CaMoO4
SrMoO4 (by Hua Jiang’s talk)

30. CaMoO4+MMC (By Sangjun’s talk)
~ 500m thick brass
base temperature : 13 ~ 100 mK
crystal size
~ 1 cm  1 cm  0.7 cm
Metallic Magnetic Calorimeter
(MMC) Method
FWHM = 11.2 keV
241Am a
FWHM = 1.7 keV
60keV
Astropart. Physi.34, 732, 2011

31. CaMoO4 DBD Sensitivity 0.5% FWHM 15 keV FWHM Efficiency ~ 0.8
100 kg CaMoO4 Cryogenic detector
Mo-100~ 50 kg
0.5% FWHM 15 keV FWHM
Efficiency ~ 0.8
5 years, 100 kg 40Ca100MoO4
3 x1026 years ~ 50 meV

32. Dark matter sensitivity of CaMoO4 cryogenic experiment
Bottino et al
Trotta et al
Ellis et al
CaMoO4
CDMS 2008
SuperCDMS 25kg
XENON
XENON kgd
CMSSM, Ellis et al
CMSSM, Markov chain Trotta et al
Effective MSSM, Bottino et al
Eth=10 keV
(5 and 100 kg year)
Eth=1 keV
by S. Scopel

33. Thank you