1. Chapter 7, first 4 pages only (pp
Chapter 7, first 4 pages only (pp in 9th edition) Review of Enlightenment and the Roots of Counter-Enlightenment Ideologies

2. Review: Main Premises of the Enlightenment
Humanism – Belief in the emancipated individual as a meaningful end in and of him or her self and as chief agent of change.
Universalism – Belief in principles that act as a universal foundation for human identity.
At a minimum, a universal capacity for reason, empathy, self expression, basic human rights
Rationalism – Individuals are capable of reason. Epistemological observation and critical argument is the basis for knowledge and understanding.
Progress – Belief in progress and the ability of rational agents to improve the world.
Secularism – Separation between spheres (Degree varies from state to state)
Religious Belief & Practice
Constitutional Principles & Legal System

3. Enlightenment Thought (con’t)
Includes:
Socialism & Communism
Marxism especially; recall Marx’s Theory of History and its emphasis on inevitable progress
Early Socialists reflect the Enlightenment Project even more strongly than the Classical Liberals who founded it
Liberalism
Classical Liberalism - Founders of the Enlightenment
Voltaire, Mary Wollstonecraft, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, Adam Smith, Denis Diderot, Voltaire, Immanuel Kant, etc.
Neo-Classical Liberalism & Welfare Liberalism endorse Enlightenment Thought
Traditional Conservatism
Edmund Burke & Michael Oakeshott
Although more skeptical on Progress and the power of Reason, they are Enlightenment thinkers

4. Counter - Enlightenment Thought
Rejection of the 17th Century Age of Scientific Revolution (Bacon, DesCartes, Spinoza, Locke, etc.)
Rejection of the 18th Century Enlightenment
Rejection of Humanism, Rationalism, Progressivism, Universalism, & Secularism
Rejection of Modernity
Views the Power of Abstract Reason and Rationality as “Uprooting” & “Disorienting”
Manifests today as “Modern Reaction Against Modernity”

5. The Counter-Enlightenment (con’t)
Emerged in the late 1700s
Joseph de Maistre’s Reactionary Conservatism (Our Reading was from 1797)
Gottfried von Herder (language, culture, nation) (late 1700s)
Arthur de Gobineau’s Racial Theories (mid 1800s)
Led to Fascism, Racism, Nazism, & eventually Neo-Fascism & Radical Religious Rejections of Modernity. 20th Century Examples:
1920s-40s: Italian Fascism under Benito Mussolini
1930s: Francisco Francos Spain, Nazism
Post World War II:
Neo-fascist movements, Racist, & anti-Semitic movements
Anti-immigrant & Skinhead movements
Radical Political Islam
Sayyid Qutb, founder of Muslim Brotherhood in 1950s
al-Qaeda in late 20th Century; Islamic State (Daesh) in 21st Century