1. The Bureaucracy

2. What is the federal bureaucracy?
A large organization composed of appointed officials whose authority is divided among several managers.
Bureaucratic departments make up the executive branch
Executive Departments execute laws

3. 19th century Cabinet Departments
1789: State, Treasury, War
1798: Navy
1849: Interior
1870: Justice
1872: Post Office
1889: Agriculture
1903: Commerce and Labor
(split in 1913 into Commerce Dept. and Labor Dept.)

4. New 20th Century Cabinet Depts.
1947: Defense (from War)
1953: Health, Education & Welfare
(split into HHS and Education in 1973)
1965: Housing and Urban Development
1966: Transportation
1977: Energy
1979: Education
1989: Veterans’ Affairs
2003: Homeland Security

5. Some Agencies in the Homeland Security Department
Agricultural Import and Entry Inspection Activities
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Transportation Security Administration
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
U.S. Coast Guard
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
U.S. Secret Service

6. What do bureaucrats do? Depends on the agency! FBI FDA
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Department of Education

7. How do bureaucrats make policy?
Congress tells them to
Executive departments need more specific instructions:
For employees
For private entities
So bureaucrats issue statements of policy and Regulations

8. How do bureaucrats make policy?
Example: Meat inspection:
For the purpose of preventing the use in commerce of meat and meat food products which are adulterated, the Secretary shall cause to be made, by inspectors appointed for that purpose, an examination and inspection of all cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules, and other equines before they shall be allowed to enter into any slaughtering, packing, meat-canning, rendering, or similar establishment, in which they are to be slaughtered and the meat and meat food products thereof are to be used in commerce; and all cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules, and other equines found on such inspection to show symptoms of disease shall be set apart and slaughtered separately from all other cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules, or other equines, and when so slaughtered the carcasses of said cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules, or other equines shall be subject to a careful examination and inspection, all as provided by the rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary, as provided for in this subchapter.
Federal Meat Inspection Act, Title 21 - Food and Drugs, Chapter 12 - Meat Inspection, SUBCHAPTER I - INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS; ADULTERATION AND MISBRANDING

9. Why do we have red tape? Because we are a democracy:
Compassion produces red tape
A Representative process produces red tape
Due process produces red tape
Diversity produces red tape

10. Democratic control?
What are the mechanisms for democratic control of the bureaucracy?
Congress: lawmaking
Congress: oversight
Congress: budget
President: budget
President: regulatory review