1. Unit 3 Specialization in Animals and Plants

2. Develop and use
a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.
There must be
systems with specific functions in multicellular organisms like us that have a certain organization
List each level in the hierarchy of organization in living things and define each level
Work in teams of 4 to discuss how you will develop a model to represent this hierarchy of organization

4. Hierarchy in Multicellular Organisms
Hierarchy - an arrangement or classification of things according to: relative importance size or function
How is this chart arranged?

5. What are unicellular organisms?
What can unicellular organisms do?
Organisms that are made of ONE CELL.
Everything that multi-cellular living things do:
Grow
Eat
Reproduce

6. Unicellular Organisms:
Some examples of
Unicellular Organisms:
Paramecium
Euglena
Amoeba

7. What are Multicellular organisms?
What must multicellular organisms have in order to survive?
What is Cell Specialization?
Organisms made of MANY CELLS
Cell Specialization
When cells throughout an organism develop in different ways to perform ONE job very well.

8. An example of a specialized cell in animals
How are red blood cells specialized?
Red blood cells
They carry oxygen.
Adult RBC’s have no nucleus so there is more room for the oxygen

9. Newly formed red blood cells have a nucleus
Mature red blood cells have lost the nucleus to make room for more oxygen

11. Organs are part of organ systems Organ systems make an organism
Cells make tissues
Tissues make organs
Organs are part of organ systems
Organ systems make an organism
Organisms are living things
Hierarchy of Animals

12. Hierarchy of Animals 1. Cell 2. Tissue 3. Organ 4. Organ System
5. Organism

13. 1. Cell 2. Tissue Basic building blocks with specialized functions
Example: Stomach cells secrete acid to help digest food
2. Tissue
A group of similar cells performing a particular, but limited function
Example: Stomach tissue is made of cells that secrete acid to help digest food
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve

14. 3. Organ 4. Organ System Group of tissues doing similar functions
Example: Stomach is an organ that helps digest proteins
4. Organ System
Group of organs doing similar things
Example: The stomach is part of a system of several organs that digest food

15. Specialization in plant cells
Cells in green plants that carry on photosynthesis have chloroplasts
Photosynthesis gives animals:
Food like sugar and starch
Oxygen to breathe

16. Plant Tissue – made of many cells
Covering
Photosynthetic
layer
Transport layer

17. The plant organism made of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems too

19. Homework:
p. 193 # 1- 4

20. HOT Questions Define Cell Specialization.
Distinguish between unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Sequence the organization of multicellular living things from simple to complex.
Categorize a red blood cell and a plant cell with choroplasts according to what they do.
Propose an explanation for why Red Blood Cells only live for 120 days.
Decide which cell is more important and WHY: a Red Blood Cell or a Plant Cell with chloroplasts.

21. arm stage base eyepiece 10X Body tube nosepiece 10X 15X 40X
Low power objective
10X
15X
40X
medium power objective
stage
high power objective
Stage clips
Coarse adjustment knob
diaphragm
Fine adjustment knob
Light source
base
Go to p. 1070
Appendix D
Fill in functions

22. Cheek Cells
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

23. Onion cell
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Nucleus

24. Green Plant cell - ELODEA
Chloroplasts
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane Cell wall

25. LS-1-3 Plan and conduct and investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.
Do now with partner

26. Develop and use
a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.
There must be
systems with specific functions in multicellular organisms like us that have a certain organization
List each level in the hierarchy of organization in living things and define each level
Work in teams of 4 to discuss how you will develop a model to represent this hierarchy of organization

27. Project

28. HOMEOSTASIS

29. Preview Read the following pages: 895, 896, 1000
Answer the following questions:
What are Feedback Loops?
How do they work?
What is feedback Inhibition (aka negative feedback)?
Explain this information in your own words.

30. Homeostasis means: The body is in balance
Because all the body’s systems are related

32. Oxygen + food carbon dioxide + water + energy
For example - the body’s cells require energy
Cell respiration delivers this energy
Oxygen + food carbon dioxide + water + energy
O glucose CO H2O ATP
Different organ systems work together to get these materials to the cells:
Digestion - breaks food into the smallest parts to get into the cells
Respiration - gets the oxygen that will go to the cells
Circulation - carries these materials to the cells
Excretion - gets the waste products out
The Nervous system - is aware of all that is happening
The Endocrine system - controls much of the activity with hormones

33. This is the controlled, stable environment of the body
Also called HOMEOSTASIS

34. How is Homeostasis maintained?
By feedback loops.
A feedback loop is a cycle of 2 DIFFERENT activities that keeps the internal environment balanced.
a. Example
1) Eating when you’re hungry vs. 2) not eating because you are full
Negative feedback is the stopping of one activity as a result of the first.
b. Example
1) low blood sugar signals hunger so you eat
2) Higher blood sugar signals feeling full, so you stop eating

35. An Example of Feedback Inhibition

36. Does this happen in the body?
One example is a stable body temperature.
The hypothalamus regulates body temperature. I.
When it gets cold, blood vessels in the skin constrict (become narrower).
This reduces heat loss from the skin
Skeletal muscles contract involuntarily causing the body to “shiver.”
This causes the body temperature to increase.
FEEDBACK LOOP

37. 5. When it gets hot, blood vessels near the skin dilate (get wider).
II. (the inhibition step)
5. When it gets hot, blood vessels near the skin dilate (get wider).
This causes heat to escape from the skin.
The body sweats.
The body cools by evaporation.
HOMEOSTASIS IS MAINTAINED
FEEDBACK LOOP

38. Stem Cell Research
Research & Opinion

39. Once an egg cell is fertilized, it goes through MITOSIS and makes many cells
But at this point, they are not specialized yet.

40. STEM CELLS
Once a ball of cells called a morula is formed, there is an “inside” and “outside” layer of cells. These cells are now SPECIALIZED AND CAN ONLY FORM CERTAIN THINGS.
The inside layer forms the organs
The outside layer forms the skin
Outside layer
Inside layer
Outside layer

41. STEM CELLS
Cells are continuing to divide by mitosis, and the “ball of cells” pushes in on itself, and a 3rd layer is formed.
This forms the blood and muscles.
Outer layer - nervous system
Middle (3rd) layer - circulation
Inner layer - organs

42. The Ethics of Stem Cells P. 253
Should stem cells be harvested from embryos because of what they are able to turn into?
Use the library or the Internet to learn more about stem cell research.
Write a brief (1-page) report on how this technology will impact the future of medicine both:
Positively and negatively
Complete Stem Cell Research worksheet
Then follow directions

43. On the other hand