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WATER AND THE FITNESS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

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1 WATER AND THE FITNESS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER 3 WATER AND THE FITNESS OF THE ENVIRONMENT The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding δ- δ+

2 2. Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s fitness for life
2.1 Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive Cohesion is the tendency of molecules, especially water to stick together Water can also be attracted to other materials. This is called adhesion Surface tension results from the cohesion of water molecules water has the ability to support small objects.  The hydrogen bonds between neighboring molecules cause a “film” to develop at the surface.

3 2.2 Water's hydrogen bonds moderate temperature
When water is heated, the heat energy is absorbed, disrupting hydrogen bonds The water stores a relatively high amount of heat while warming only a few degrees When water is cooled, heat energy is released as hydrogen bonds are formed The temperature of the water is lowered slowly Water also moderates temperature by evaporative cooling The surface cools as the hottest molecules leaves

4 Hydrogen bonds are stable constantly break and re-form
2.3 Ice is less dense than liquid water Hydrogen bonds in ice create a stable, three-dimensional structure Ice is less dense than water, because it has fewer molecules in the same volume Why is the ability of ice to float an important factor in the fitness of the environment? Hydrogen bond Ice Liquid water Hydrogen bonds are stable Hydrogen bonds constantly break and re-form

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6 2.4 Water is the solvent of life
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of a liquid solvent and one or more dissolved solutes Because water is a polar molecule, it readily forms solutions with many other polar and ionic compounds A solution in which water is the solvent is an aqueous solution Ion in solution Salt crystal Hydration Shell Hydrophylic (water+loving) substance dissolved in water suspended in water (colloid) forms hydrogen bonds with water Hydrophobic (water+fearing) substance not have an affinity for water is non-ionic and non-polar compounds not form hydrogen bond

7 3. The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions
A compound that releases H+ ions in solution is an acid A compound that accepts H+ ions in solution is a base Acidity is measured on the pH scale from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic) The pH of most cells is kept close to 7 (neutral) by buffers that resist pH change Buffers are substance that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.

8 (Higher concentration of H+) (Lower concentration of H+)
LE 2-15 pH scale Lemon juice, gastric juice Grapefruit juice, soft drink (Higher concentration of H+) Increasingly ACIDIC Acidic solution Tomato juice Human urine NEUTRAL [HOH-] Pure water Human blood Seawater Neutral solution (Lower concentration of H+) Increasingly BASIC Milk of magnesia Household ammonia Household bleach Oven cleaner Basic solution

9 4. Acid precipitation threatens the environment
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10 CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE
CHAPTER 4 CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE 1. Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon Organic compounds contain at least one carbon atom Covalent bonding enables carbon to form complex structures A carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell To complete the shell, it can form four covalent bonds The way bonding occurs among atoms determines the overall shape of the molecule

11 Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model Methane
This tetravalence is one facet of carbon’s versatility that makes large, complex molecules possible Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model Methane The 4 single bonds of carbon point to the corners of a tetrahedron.

12 A carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
Molecular complexity and diversity arise from carbon skeleton variation Hydrocarbons are composed of only hydrogen and carbon - A series of covalently bonded carbons forms the carbon skeleton of the molecule

13 Carbon skeletons vary in length.
LE 3-1b Carbon skeletons vary in length. Ethane Propane Butane Isobutane Skeletons may be unbranched or branched.

14 Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location.
LE 3-1d 1-Butene 2-Butene Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location. Cyclohexane Benzene Skeletons may be arranged in rings.

15 Structural isomers differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties Structural isomers differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms Geometric isomers have the same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial arrangement (cis- and trans-) Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other.

16 2. A small number of chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules
Functional groups are groups of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of molecules Usually participate in chemical reactions Contribute to function indirectly by their effects on molecular shape Give organic molecules their unique properties Estradiol Testosterone

17 Seven main functional groups are important in the chemistry of life:
Hydroxyl group (-OH) Carbonyl group (>C=O) Carboxyl group (-COOH) Amino group (-NH2) Phosphate group (-OPO32-) Sulfhydryl group (-SH) Methyl group (-CH3) All groups, except methyl group, are polar and make compounds containing them hydrophilic (water-loving)

18 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
An important energy source for cellular processes

19 The structure & Function of Large Biological molecules
CHAPTER 5 The structure & Function of Large Biological molecules Carbohydrate Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid

20 1. Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
Polymer: a long-molecule consisting of may similar or identical building blocks liked by covalent bonds Monomer: the repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer 1.1 Monomers are usually linked by dehydration reactions A water molecule is removed

21 Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
LE 3-3a Short polymer Unlinked monomer A specific enzyme Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Dehydration reaction Longer polymer Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer

22 Hydrolysis of a polymer
1.2 Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis A water molecule is added Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond A specific enzyme Hydrolysis of a polymer

23 A polymer Monomer A new polymer

24 2. CARBOHYDRATES 2.1 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates
Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide 2.1 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates Monosaccharides (single sugars) are carbohydrate monomers A monosaccharide has a formula that is a multiple of CH2O Contains hydroxyl groups (-OH) and a carbonyl group(>C=O) May be isomers, such as glucose and fructose location of the carbonyl group [ Aldose; aldehyde (-CHO), Ketose; keton (C=O) ] May be isomers, such as glucose and galactose The spartial arrangement of their parts around asymmetric carbons The size of the carbon skeleton) Triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose May take chain or ring forms

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26 2.2 Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharides
Two monosaccharides can join to form a disaccharide Linked by a dehydration reaction Glucose Glucose Glycosidic linkage Maltose

27 2.3 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units
Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions The architecture and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomer and by the position of its glycosidic linkage Some polysaccharides are storage molecules Starch in plants (alpa-glucose, Amylose and Amylopectin) Glycogen in animals Some polysaccharides serve as structural compounds - Cellulose in plants (beta-glucose) Chitin

28 LE 3-7 STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE Starch granules in potato tuber cells
Glucose monomer STARCH Glycogen granules in muscle tissues GLYCOGEN Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall CELLULOSE Cellulose molecules

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