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The Roman Empire Section 3 John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Main Idea The “Pax Romana” brought order and peace to the Roman empire
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Terms to Define Aqueduct: artificial channels for carrying water
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People to Meet Augustus Tiberius Claudius Nero Marcus Aurelius Galen
Ptolemy Virgil Livy John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Places to Locate Appian Way John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The First Emperors Octavian, later known as Augustus, claimed to support the republic but actually laid the foundation for a new state called the Roman empire John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Augustus Caesar Augustus was made consul, tribune, and commander in chief for life in 27 B.C. Gave himself the title of Augustus—or “Majestic One” John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Augustus Caesar Forty years of reign—27 B.C. to 14 Rebuilt Rome
Patron of the arts John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Augustus Caesar Proconsuls could not exploit the provinces
Official tax collectors Grain imported from Africa so all could eat New/repaired roads Magnificent buildings built John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Augustus Caesar Pax Romana—Roman peace--began 31 B.C. Lasted 200 years
Some disturbances with new emperors Augustus failed to write law on selection of new emperors John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Julian Emperors Emperors ruling A.D. 14 to 68 were called Julians— each related to Julius caesar Each showed early promise then great faults Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Julian Emperors--Tiberius
Augustus’s adopted son Accused innocent people of treason No significant achievements John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Julian Emperors--Caligula
Tiberius’ grand nephew Became mentally disturbed and was killed by a palace guard A.D. 41 John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Julian Emperors--Claudius
Caligula’s uncle Renowned scholar, but unable to focus of matters of state as he got older John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Julian Emperors--Nero
Claudius’ stepson Cruel, probably insane Bankrupted Rome to pay for his pleasures—horse racing and music John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Julian Emperors--Nero
Suspecting others of plotting against him— today’s--killed many senators, his wife, and his mother Senate sentenced him to death for treason Committed suicide John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Good Emperors Known as effective administrators and support of large building projects Senate selected them—beginning A.D. 96 -Nerva -Trajan -Hadrian -Antonius Pius -Marcus Aurelius John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Good Emperors--Trajan
Increased the empire to greatest size The Roman Empire was never larger than under Trajan’s rule John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Good Emperors--Hadrian
Strengthen Rome’s military position Built Hadrian’s Wall John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Good Emperors--Hadrian
Hadrian’s Wall stretched 73 miles across England to help protect that frontier from invaders John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Good Emperors—Antoninus Pius
Maintained the Empires prosperity John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Good Emperors—Marcus Aurelius
Brought the Empire to height of economic prosperity John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Good Emperors—Marcus Aurelius
Good emperors lived with stoic philosophy “Every moment think steadily as a Roman and a human being how to do what you have in hand with perfect and simple dignity” John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Roman Rule Augustus set the standard
Augustus chose professional governors rather than letting the Senate appoint inexperienced proconsuls every year John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Roman Rule In some provinces, Augustus let local kings rule conquered lands Built roads--mobility Personally inspected provinces John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Roman Rule Augustus served as pontifex maximus
Chief priest of Rome He and each emperor became head of a national, unifying religion John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Law At first, the Romans established two legal systems (two laws)
“ Jus gentium”: law that dealt with non-citizens, “jus civile” or citizen law John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Law By early A.D. 200s, all free males in the empire were made full citizens of Rome Two laws became one. John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Law Romans stressed the authority of state over the individual
Individual rights stressed, however: e.g., the right of accused innocent until proven guilty John 3:16 8/1/2018
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The Law The Roman system of law formed the basis for legal systems of many Western nations and the Christian Church John 3:16 8/1/2018
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An Imperial Army Augustus and successors maintained the army, but reduced number of legions By A.D. 160, invasions by outsiders was problem John 3:16 8/1/2018
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An Imperial Army Reductions due to “peaceful conditions”
300,000 troops not enough to maintain 4,000 mile border Question: Does the lack of conflict mean nations are at peace? John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Roman Civilization Stability of “Pax Romana”, 31 B.C. to A.D. 180, boosted trade, raised living standards, and made achievements “…every country is open to commerce…” Turtullian--author John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Life During the Pax Romana
More people became moderately well off but, the majority of people were still poor Most Romans lived in flimsy wooden apartment buildings of six or seven stories that readily collapsed or caught fire John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Life During the Pax Romana
Despite trying conditions, the poor did not rebel, because the government offered both free bread and free entertainment: “bread and circuses” John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Life During the Pax Romana
The family became less significant Romans had fewer children and were likely to divorce and remarry several times Question: Can you draw an analogy of the Romans and the Americans? John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Public Amusements The poor did not rebel against the government because it offered them free bread and entertainment Appeasing the people John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Public Amusements Circus Maximus—an arena holding 150,000 people
By A.D. 160, Romans were celebrating holidays 130 days a year John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Architecture, Engineering, and Science
Many impressive buildings Circus Maximus Colosseuem Pantheon—temple to the gods Used concrete—new material John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Architecture, Engineering, and Science
Roads Appian Way 50,000 miles of total roads linking provinces Aqueducts John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Architecture, Engineering, and Science
Use of Etruscan arch and dome to build aqueducts Greek columns supported porches build around the city John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Architecture, Engineering, and Science
Romans adapting Used Greek physician Galen’s ideas to form their medicine Used Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy’s ideas for astronomy John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Roman Education Greek slaves taught young men and women in homes
Wealthy young men-academies Wealthy young women-home Lower classes-basic knowledge of reading, writing, and arithmetic John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Language and literature
Latin—official language Smaller alphabet than Greeks Official language of Europe until A.D.1500s Basis of romance languages Italian French Spanish Portuguese Romanian Also, root words for half of English words John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Roman Literary Masters
Achieved elegance and power Cicero—senator—famous elegant speeches Ovid—wrote “Metamorphoses”—about Greek mythology John 3:16 8/1/2018
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Roman Literary Masters
Horace—Odes—about shortness of life and importance of companionship Virgil—Aeneid--epic poem Livy—monumental history of Rome Tacitus—Germania—contrasted robust life of the Germans with the weak and pleasure-loving life of the Romans John 3:16 8/1/2018
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