1. Transportation Part I: Mechanism of Transportation Injuries
Renée Anthony, PhD, CIH, CSP

2. This presentation was created as part of the Building Capacity Project of the Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health, NIOSH grant U54 OH The copyright holder authorizes unrestricted use of these materials for non-profit, educational purposes only. The information in this presentation was accurate at the time it was prepared, it is the users responsibility to ensure accuracy of all information at time of use. Diane Rohlman, PhD University of Iowa Fred Gerr, MD University of Iowa

3. Transportation Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:
Renee Anthony
Understand risk factors associated with agricultural transportation
Identify key elements to protect ag workers from transportation injuries
Formulate discussion on how roll-overs occur
Describe how to prevent roll-overs
Marizen Ramirez
Understand risk factors for farm equipment crashes
Identify prevention strategies
Kari Harland
Formulate the contributing causes of ATV/UTV fatalities in Ag sector

4. Transportation Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:
Renee Anthony
Understand risk factors associated with agricultural transportation
Identify key elements to protect ag workers from transportation injuries
Formulate discussion on how roll-overs occur
Describe how to prevent roll-overs
Marizen Ramirez
Understand risk factors for farm equipment crashes
Identify prevention strategies
Kari Harland
Formulate the contributing causes of ATV/UTV fatalities in Ag sector

5. Transportation Safety Part I
Why Transportation?
We are now focusing in on this piece of the pie.

6. Why Transportation? Many injuries (fatal and otherwise) Key hazards:
Motivation
Why Transportation?
Many injuries (fatal and otherwise)
Key hazards:
̶ Roll-over
̶ Striking pedestrians
̶ Striking/ struck by other vehicles
̶ Striking other bodies (buildings, trees, power lines,…)
̶ Unguarded machinery
̶ Attached equipment (wagons, manure spreaders…)
̶ Unstable/falling loads

7. Regulations + Consensus Recommendations
OSHA regulations and Consensus recommendations for Safe Operating Procedures
̶ Regulations may or may not be pertinent
̶ It is well known that regulations do NOT protect workers
̶ But, they provide basic safety requirements
Consensus recommendations are based on
̶ Vast database of injury cases
̶ Known risks and ways to prevent bad outcomes
You need to know both to protect worker health and safety

8. Farm Field Equipment
OSHA Specifics – 29 CFR
ROPS = Roll-Over Protective Structures
20-HP or more engine
Seatbelts – functional, fastened to movable portion of seat if suspended seats are used
Load requirements
Resistance to acids, mildew, aging,…
Protection from batteries and sharp surfaces
Performance requirements are set in /2 (construction industry)
Protective frame specified in
Protective enclosures specified in ̶ ̶ ̶

9. OSHA Specifics – 1928.51-53 ROPS = Roll-Over Protective Structures
Farm Field Equipment
OSHA Specifics –
ROPS = Roll-Over Protective Structures
Cab or frame to provide a safe environment in the event of an overturn
“Anti-roll bars”
Note you must wear the seatbelt
This confines driver to the protected area of the tractor in the event of an overturn
Required:
Tractors manufactured after 1976 (For non family farms!)
ASAE– Encouraged tractor manufacturers to install ROPS / belts on all ag tractors in US
– – US tractors sold have ROPS/Belts
– However, large number of family tractors are older
– Anticipate rates to fall post 2020 ̶ ̶ ̶ /

10. Why are some better than others?
Farm Field Equipment
ROPS types
Not every ROP Structure is the same…
Four Post
Two Post
Why are some better than others?
FOPS: Falling Object Protection Systems
Fold Down
Enclosed Cab

11. OSHA Specifics Farm field equipment Rules
- Tractors or implements (including self-propelled implements) or their combination used in ag operations
Rules
(a) Operating farm field equipment
(b) PTO Guarding

12. OSHA Specifics - 1928.57 Operating Rules (a)(6)
Farm Field Equipment
OSHA Specifics
Operating Rules (a)(6)
- Initial and annual training of safe operating practices
- Keep all guards in place when machine is in operation
Permit no riders
- Stop engine, disconnect power, wait for machine motion to stop…
- Everyone is clear of machines prior to starting -machine
- Lock out electrical power before performing maintenance

13. OSHA Specifics - 1928.57 Guarding Rules
Farm Field Equipment
OSHA Specifics
Guarding Rules
- (a)(7) – Protect employees from coming into contact with moving machinery
Through installation and use of guard/shield
Alternatively by guardrail / fence
- (a)(8) – Strength and design of guards
Designed and located to prevent contact with hazard being guarded
Capable of withstanding 250# individual
Free from burrs, sharp edges, and sharp corners,
Securely fastened to equipment / building

14. Stability
Operating Tractors
Since “workers” need to know about stability issues…
Let’s take a few minutes and discuss this here
There is a short reading that also explains this in words…
Check also other web links.

15. Stability Triangle Stability Vehicle Center of Gravity (Unloaded) B A
Center of Gravity of Vehicle and Maximum Load (Theoretical)
1. When the vehicle is loaded, the combined center of gravity (CG) shifts toward line B-C. Theoretically the maximum load will result in the CG at the line B-C. In actual practice, the combined CG should never be at line B-C.
2. The addition of additional counterweight will cause the truck CG to shift toward point A and result in a truck that is less stable laterally.

16. Stability Discussion Not like your car
- With Load: Center of gravity moved forward
Large round bale: pounds
Small tractors ~ 4500#
Tractor’s center of gravity (empty)
Combined center of gravity
Load’s center of gravity
What happens if the “Star” moves in front of the axle?

17. Combined center of gravity
Stability
Stability Discussion
Not like your car
- With same load, raised Center of gravity moved Forward and UP
Combined center of gravity
What does moving the Center of Gravity higher do? How does it feel when you turn?
Combined center of gravity

18. Stability Triangle: On Slope (Side View)
Load CG
Load CG
Vertical
Stability
Line
(Line of Action)
Combined CG
Combined CG
Vertical
Stability
Line
(Line of Action)
Truck CG
Truck CG
The vehicle is stable… Combined CG is within the wheel base.
This vehicle is unstable and will continue to tip over… Combined CG is outside wheel base

19. Stability Discussion: No Incline
There are calculations to look at truck and load ratings
M = PD
M = load moment in inch-pounds (N-m)
P = weight of load in pounds (kg)
D = distance from the fulcrum (centerline of the front axle) to the center of gravity on the load on the fork, inch (m)…distance “D” in the diagram
A = Load Center
D = Front Axle Center to Load Center
C = Front Axle Center to Truck Load Center
P = Load Weight
W = Empty Truck Weight
Approximate Allowable Load:
P  (W C) / D
Example:
Truck rated at 3000-lb with 24-in load center with 12” from front axle to load (B):
M = lb x (24+12) = 108,000 in-lb
This is our truck’s capacity
If new load is 42 (A) inches to center of gravity, we can carry only how much?108,000 in-lb = (weight ) x (42+12)… Solve for weight…
We downrate the capacity to 2000 pounds: 2000 pounds is the max that we can carry at that size
12” 42”

20. Stability Discussion Stability
PSA for you - STAY in the Cab:

21. Rollover: Main Causes Speed: going too fast
Stability
Rollover: Main Causes
Speed: going too fast
Driver overshooting then correcting
Hitting curb/depression
Sudden breaking/accelerating
Recovery from partial jack knife
Incompatibility of tractor and load
Hitching loads to axle housing rather than draw bar
Load shift
- When carrying partial loads of liquids, the center of gravity moves DOWN and Outward during a turn
- This is magnified with an oval tank
Loss of control or impact with another object

22. Rollover: Human Factors
Stability
Rollover: Human Factors
Driver fatigue
Inexperience with loads (higher center of gravity)
Drifting
Failure to anticipate curves
Accelerating or turning too fast
Overcorrecting steering
Speed adaptation: lose sensation of speed when you drive for long period of time

23. Rollover Safety Guidelines
Stability
Rollover Safety Guidelines
To reduce rollover risk
- Understand the risk
- Increase width between wheels, if possible
- Avoid steep slopes
- Drive slowly and avoid quick uphill turns
- Reduce speed, particularly when
Turning, crossing slopes, on rough, slick or muddy surfaces
- With front-end loader: drive with load as LOW as possible
- Avoid sharp turns and reduce speed when turning
- Avoid driving on steep embankments, near ditches, around holes

24. Rollover Safety Guidelines
Stability
Rollover Safety Guidelines
Other recommendations
- Always wear seatbelt
- Watch where going at all times
- Watch for pedestrians before moving
- Engage clutch slowly and evenly
- Apply break at very slow speed… before entering turn
- Do not allow riders on tractor
- Loads:
Hitch as low as possible
Use safety hitch pin to keep load attached
Apply power slowly
- Set the brake securely when stopped
If no parking brake, set transmission to park
- When parked, lower the load and remove key
Do not assume all moving parts have stopped motion the second the key is removed

25. End of Transportation I
Questions?
Upon Completion of this lesson, students should be able to:
Understand risk factors associated with agricultural transportation
Identify key elements to protect ag workers from transportation injuries
Formulate discussion on how roll-overs occur
Describe how to prevent roll-overs