1. http://www. google. com/imgres. imgurl=https://www. crc. gov
(Picture of salmons gills)
(Hydra)

2. http://www. google. com/search
(Cirulatory system)
ovw=254&tx=146&ty=113&sig= &page=1&tbnh=115&tbnw=156&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:10,s:0,i:121
(open circulatory sytem)
(closed circulatory system)
(3 chmabered heart))
(Blood vessel layers)

3. Circulation and Gas exchange
Chapter 42

4. Over View Trading With The Environment
All organisms exchange materials and energy with its environment.
Exchanges take place at a cellular level.

5. Exchange in unicellular organisms
Exchanges directly with environment
(in multicellular cells, direct exchange isn't really possible.

6. The feathery gills emerging from a salmon
Are an example of a specialized exchange system found in animals

7. Transport systems
The more complex an animal, the more complex its internal transport system is.
All transport systems circulate fluids that serve as a lifeline between living cells, and exchange organs such as lungs which exchange c02 for the oxygen it receives.

8. Gastrovascular cavities
Gastrovascular cavities help with both digestion and distribution throughout the body.
There is a wide range of complexity of gastrovascular cavities. (very simple to very complex)

9. Open and Closed circulatory systems
The most complex animals have one or two types of systems. (open or closed)
Both types of systems have three main features
A circulatory fluid (blood)
A set of tubes (blood vessels)
A muscular pump ( the heart)

10. Open circulatory systems
Mostly in insects, arthropods and mulluscs.
Blood flows freely though the body, bathing all of the organs directly in blood.

11. Closed circulatory system
Blood isn't freely flowing, must be contained in blood vessels.
Much more of an efficient way to transport fluids to cells and tissues.

12. Fishes
Key features of a fishes heart include, one ventricle and one atrium.
Blood is pumped from the ventricle, then travels to gills where it exchanges co2 for O2.
(see previous page for picture)

13. Reptiles
Have double circulation, including lungs (pulmonary) and systemic circuit.
Turtles, snakes and lizards all have a three chambered heart.

14. Mammals and Birds
The heart is completely divided into seprate left and right chambers, the left pumps oxygen rich blood while the right pumps oxygen poor blood.
The four chambered heart was an essential adaptation of the endothermic way of life of mammals and birds.

15. Mammalian Circulation
Heart valves, a one way flow of blood thought the heart.
Begins with right ventricle, pumping blood to the lungs.
In lungs, the blood is loaded with O2 and unloads its CO2
Oxygen rich blood is now pumped back to left atrium of the heart to then be pumped by the left ventricle and distributed around the body to all tissues and cells.
Blood returns through right atrium, and process is repeated.

16. Blood vessel structure and Function
The circulatory system is mainly a large network of blood vessels.
All blood vessels are built of similar tissues and have three similar layers.

17. Structures differentiate in arteries, veins and capillaries to accommodate their functions.
Such as, Arteries have thicker walls to accommodate for the higher blood pressure.
Veins have thinner walls because the blood flows back mainly due to muscle actions.

18. Blood Pressure: the hydrostatic pressure against the wall of a vessel
Systolic Pressure: pressure during ventricular systole in the arteries, also has the highest pressure in the arteries.
Diastolic Pressure: the pressure in the arteries during diastole, is also lower then systolic pressure.
Blood pressure in humans is very easily measured.

19. Critical exchange of substances.
The exchange of blood and interstitial fluid takes place across a thin endothelial wall of the capillaries.

20. Leukocytes
The bloos contains five major types of leukocytes or white blood cells: Monocytes,neutrophils, basophils,eosinophils and lymphocytes which all aid in defense by producing antibodies.

21. Gas Exchange Occurs across a specialized respiratory surfaces.
Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and to dispose of carbon dioxide.

22. Lungs
When the rib and diaphragm contract or expand volume will increase.
Air passes in one direction only and with every exhalation we completely renew the air in our lungs.
The main control of breathing rate is the medulla oblongata and the pons.

23. Transport of Carbon dioxide
Hemoglobin helps transport as well as assisting in buffering.