1. Linked Open Data Current State and Future Trends Martin Nečaský Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University

2. Agenda What is Open Data Linked Open Data
principles
usage examples
research challenges
Open Data activities of OpenData.cz
Our contribution to Czech legislation

3. Open Data Definition
Open data is data that can be freely used, re-used and redistributed by anyone - subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and sharealike.

4. 5 levels of Open Data
Zdroj :

5. Public Sector Open Data?
National Statistics
Food Inspections
Environment Inspections
★★★
Geopolitical Regions
★★★
Business Registers
Trade Inspections
Public Sector Inspections
★★★
Code of Law
★★★

6. ? What is Linked Data? ★★★ ★★★★★ Check Actions Inspected entitiesID
SUBJECT
START
2012/33
Peněžní prostředky určené …
2012/11
2012/34
Účetní závěrka a finanční ... ?
Inspected entities
Linked Open Data is a set of (technological) principles of publishing data on the Web.
ENTITY ID
DISTRICT
ACTION
Ministry of Defence
Prague
2012/33
Social Security Administration
6963
2012/34

7. 1st Linked Data Principle
Use URIs as names for things.
Check Actions ID
SUBJECT
START
2012/33
Peněžní prostředky určené …
2012/11
2012/34
Účetní závěrka a finanční ...
Inspected entities
ENTITY ID
DISTRICT
ACTION
Ministry of Defence
Prague
2012/33
Social Security Administration
6963
2012/34

8. 2nd Linked Data Principle
Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names.
WWW
HTTP GET "

9. 3rd Linked Data Principle
When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the W3C standards (RDF, SPARQL).
Check Actions ID
SUBJECT
START
2012/33
Peněžní prostředky určené …
2012/11
"Peněžní prostředky určené …"
nku:start
"2012/33"
nku:id
"2012/11"
nku:subject
RDF expression (Turtle)
< nku:id "2012/33" .
< nku:ubject "Peněžní prostředky určené …" .
< nku:start "2012/11" .
subject
predicate
object

10. 3rd Linked Data Principle
When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL).
HTTP GET
SPARQL query
SPARQL API
(SPARQL endpoint)
NKÚ
RDF store
HTTP SERVER
HTTP GET "

11. SPARQL crash course Similar to SQL.
Query expressed as a graph pattern.
SELECT <result specification>
WHERE <graph pattern>

12. SPARQL crash course Graph pattern consists of simple triple patterns.
SELECT ?x
WHERE {
?x nku:start "2012/11" . } ?x
nku:start
"2012/11"

13. SPARQL crash course Graph pattern consists of simple triple patterns.
SELECT ?x ?y
WHERE {
?x nku:start "2012/11" ;
nku:subject ?y . }
"2012/11"
nku:start ?x
nku:subject ?y

14. SPARQL crash course Graph pattern consists of simple triple patterns.
SELECT ?x ?y ?z
WHERE {
?x nku:start "2012/11" ;
?z ?y . }
"2012/11"
nku:start ?x ?z ?y

15. SPARQL crash course Query may return a graph as well CONSTRUCT {
?x ?z ?y .
} WHERE {
?x nku:start "2012/11" ;
?z ?y . }
"2012/11"
nku:start ?x ?z ?y

16. 4th Linked Data Principle
Include links to other URIs so that others can discover more things.
"2012/33"
"2012/11"
<
id "2012/33" ;
subject "Peněžní prostředky určené …" ;
start "2012/11" ;
entity < . id
start
subject
entity
"Peněžní prostředky určené …"
<
title “Ministry of Defense" ;
district < .
“Ministry of Defense"
district
<
title "Prague".
"Prague"

17. 4th Linked Data Principle
Include links to other URIs so that others can discover more things (including URIs of other publishers).
entity
same as
district
district

18. 4th Linked Data Principle
Include links to other URIs so that others can discover more things (including URIs of other publishers).
Trade Inspection
Gov Off
Science and Research IS
Business Entities
Soc Sec
Statistics
Geopolitical Regions
Public Sector Inspection
Nat Stats
Demography

19. LOD usage examples

20. Searching Datasets
Where can I get some data about entities inspected by Supreme Audit Office (SAO)?
SAO
linked.opendata.cz ?
owl:sameAs
owl:sameAs
Entity
Organizace …
owl:sameAs
SPARQL : (try on endpoint)

21. Searching Datasets Public Agreements Registry - Agreements 61961
Registr Agreements Registry - Orders
27726
Database of Science, Research and Innovations
14286
Offices of Public Authorities
763
Public Sector Inspections
6254
Agendas of Public Institutions
12112
Identification Numbers of Business Entities
60520
Trade Register
167376
Monitor of Public Budgets
104522
Registr Agreements Registry - Payments
5516
Trade Inspections
2576
Integrated Registry of Environmental Pollution
6658
Public Authorities
60007
Business Register
94881

22. Science and Research DB
Combining datasets
Which public research institutions were inspected by SAO and what is their public research budget?
Science and Research DB
SAO
linked.opendata.cz
Project
Entity
owl:sameAs
Entity
Participant
Budget
Premise
owl:sameAs
ResearchOrg
CheckAction
SPARQL : (try on endpoint)
RESULT IN CSV :

23. Combining datasets
Sanctions for unfair trade practices in Czech regions and numbers of pensioners.
Social Security
Trade Inspections
# pensioners
Inspection
RAMON EU
owl:sameAs
Region
NUTS
Sanction
owl:sameAs
Geopolitical regions
owl:sameAs
Region
SPARQL : (try on endpoint, note : this federated query also asks and
RESULT IN CSV :

24. Building Applications
Each oval is a data source which exists (MeSH, NDF-RT, NCI, DrugBank) as LOD or we have converted it to LOD.
Links represent types of RDF links between datasets.
LOD made us much faster in the development.
RDF data updated periodically thanks to

25. Linked Open Data (LOD) Cloud

26. Knowledge Graphs as LOD
DBPedia
Wikipedia as LOD
402,086,316 triples about 17,315,785 entities
Wikidata
Emerging project of Wikimedia Foundation
Structured data source for Wikipedia
1,373,105,652 triples about 24,437,040 entities

27. Two research challenges for near future
“A data journalist writes an article about unfair trade practices on elderly people in Czech Republic.
He needs to find datasets with an evidence for his article (unfair trade inspections, elderly people numbers, regions in Czech Republic).
He also needs to preview the discovered datasets, create map visualizations and embed them to his article.”
Challenge 1: Dataset discovery
Challenge 2: Dataset visualization

28. Dataset discovery Input : User’s intent
How the intent should be expressed?
How we can assist the user when expressing the intent?
How the expression of the intent should be translated to a formal query language?
Output : Combinations of datasets which fulfill the intent
How datasets should be indexed?
How the indexes should be kept up-to-date?
How the user’s intent should be evaluated against the index?

29. Back to Open Data
OpenData.cz – a group of academicians supporting and boosting (Linked) Open Data in Czech public sector
We have assisted several public institutions with opening their data
Cooperation with ČSÚ, ČOI, MF ČR, MV ČR

30. Back to Open Data
Under Ministry of Interior of Czech Republic, we have helped with making Open Data as one of the major eGovernment topics
position of National Coordinator for Open Data
National Open Data Catalogue (
Standards for open data publication and cataloging (
Open Data in Czech legislation
Educating public institutions
Plan for National Linked Open Data Infrastructure

31. Our Journey to Czech Open Data Legislation
October 2014 : Open Data must be part of Czech legislation
Public bodies did not want to or could not open their data without legislation.
October 2016 : The Czech president signed our amendment of Public Sector Information Act (106/1999) introducing Open Data
Only data published according to given conditions can be called Open Data.
Ministry of Interior must provide National Open Data Catalogue
Czech Government instructs ministries and national authorities to mandatorily publish given datasets as Open Data since
maji-otevrit/
Defending our position
Ministry of Interior (Oct 2014 – Aug 2015)
Office of the Government (Sep 2015 – Mar 2016)
Parliament (Apr 2016 – Aug 2016)
Office of the Government (Oct 2016 – Dec 2016)

32. How you can help (Linked) Open Data?
Develop applications which use open data.
bachelor or diploma theses, student software projects
If you need some data, ask for them.
You can ask OpenData.cz and we will try to help

33. Thank you
Martin Nečaský