1. Fundamental of physics

2. 

3. Chapter 1
Measurements

4. 1.2 Measuring Things Physical quantities these quantities are
Base quantities
Derived quantities
these quantities are
length ,mass ,time ,temperature
pressure, electric current
Are defined in terms of the base quantities, e.g.
Area ,Speed ,Density ,Volume
Speed : is the ratio of a length to a time.

5. 1.3 The International System of Unit
Unit of quantity:
Is a unique name we assign to measure of that quantity.
1.3 The International System of Unit

6. 1.3 The International System of Unit
To express a very large and very small quantity we use :
Scientific
Notation
Exponent of ten
Power of ten
m =
6.53 E 8 m
7.29 E -6 s
s =

8. Exp. Prefixes of Units 10-9 10-6 10-3 10-2 10-1 101 102 103 106 109
When we dealing with very large or very small measurements we use the prefixes.
10-9
10-6
10-3
10-2
10-1
101
102
103
106
109
nano n
micro μ
milli m
centi c
desi d
deka da
hecto h
kilo k
mega M
giga G
Exp.
2.67x109 watt =
3.21x10-6 s =

9. 1-Convert 2min to seconds
1-4 Changing Units
We often need to change the units in the physical quantity by a method called chain link conversion
In this method we multiply the original measurement by a conversion factor .
is a ratio of units that is equal to unity.
 Conversion factor:
Example
1-Convert 2min to seconds
2-Convert 4kg to grams
60s
1min
2min x = 120 s

10. 1-4 Changing Units

11. The meter: is the length of the path traveled
The unit of length is
The meter: is the length of the path traveled
by light in a vacuum during a time interval
of 1/ of a second.
1 centimeter = millimeters
1 meter = centimeters
1 Kilometer = meters

12. Second: is the time taken by 9 192 631 770
The unit of time is
Second: is the time taken by
oscillations of the light (of specified wavelength)
emitted by a cesium-133 atom.

13. Kilograms: is defined in terms of a platinum-iridium
1-7 Mass
The unit of mass is
Kilograms: is defined in terms of a platinum-iridium
cylinder 3.9 cm in height and in diameter
(kept at the international Bureau of Weights
and Measures near Paris).
A Second mass standard is
atomic mass units (u).
The relation between the two units is:
1 u = x kg

14. m ρ= ----- V 1-7 Mass Density 1 kilogram = 1000 grams
For things that are very heavy, we need to use the tonne
1 Tonne = 1000 kilogram
Density
The density ρ of a material is the mass per unit volume. m
ρ= ----- V

16. Motion along a straight line
Chapter 2
Motion along a straight line

17. 2-2 Motion Mechanics dynamics Kinematics statics One dimensional
Newton laws
Motion it self
One dimensional
motion
One dimensional
motion
Two dimensional
motion

18. 2-3 position and displacement
To locate an object means to find it’s position relative to reference point
origin ( or zero point ) of an axis such as the X axis .
Example
If the particle move from the position X= 3m to the position X= -3m
displacement
A change from initial position to final position
Unit of X is m
Δ X is vector quantity
∆x=x2-x1

19. 2-3 Position and displacement
x1=1m x2=5m
∆x=x2-x1=
Distance d
Displacement ∆x
The number of meters
The change from x1 to x2
Scalar quantity
vector quantity

20. 2-3 Position and displacement

21. 2-4 Average velocity and average speed
The ratio of displacement that occurs during a particular time
interval to that interval
x= t = 0
x= t=3s
x= t=4s

22. 2-4 Average velocity and average speed
The ratio of displacement that occurs during a particular time
interval to that interval 
 Unit of vavg is m/s
 vavg is a vector quantity

23. 2-4 Average velocity and average speed Savg= ---------------
The ratio of distance that occurs during a particular time
interval to that interval
Savg=
total distance ∆t 
 Unit of savg is m/s
 vavg is a scalar quantity

27. 2-5 Instantaneous velocity and speed v = lim ------- = -------
Instantaneous velocity v
v = lim = ∆x ∆t ∆t dx dt 
 Velocity at any instant is the derivative of x with respect to t .
 Unit of v is m/s
 v is a vector quantity
 v is the slope of position (x) –time (t) curve at the point representing that instant.

28. 2-5 Instantaneous velocity and speed
Instantaneous speed s
 s is the magnitude of velocity
Checkpoint 2

29. aavg=--------=-----
2-6 Acceleration
when a particale,s velocity change , the particle is said to undergo acceleration.
Average acceleration aavg
aavg= =-----
v1- v2
t1- t2 ∆v ∆t
aavg is the at which its velocity is changing .
Unit of aavg is m/s2
aavg is a vector quantity.

30. a is the second derivative of x with respect to time.
2-6 Acceleration
when a particale,s velocity change , the particle is said to undergo acceleration.
Instantaneous acceleration a dv
------ dx dt =
d2x
dt2 d
a= = ----- dt dt
a is the second derivative of x with respect to time.
Unit of a is m/s2
a is a vector quantity.

31. 2-6 Acceleration +y
Direction of a -y -x +x

32. 2-6 Acceleration
sample problem (2-4)
page20,21

33. 2-7 Constant acceleration
A constant Acceleration:
is the particle move’s with constant velocity in equal time
If the acceleration is constant, the average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration are equal.

34. 2-7 Constant acceleration

35. 2-7 Constant acceleration

36. 2-7 Constant acceleration

37. 2-8 Free fall acceleration
All objects accelerate down ward both
at the same rate g= 9.8 m/s2.
 Their speeds increase at same rate .

38. 2-8 Free fall acceleration

39. 2-8 Free fall acceleration

40. Quantity Name Abbreviation
Giga Mega kilo 1 deci centi milli micro nano
G M k d c m m n
Units and Prefix Conversions:
SI (International System) of units , Standard units for measurements
Quantity
Name
Abbreviation
Mass
kilogram kg
Length
meter m
Time
second s
Temperature
Kelvin K
Amount of substance
mole
mol