1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. Historical Significance of the Industrial Revolution
An ancient Greek or Roman would have been just as comfortable in Europe in 1700 because daily life was not much different – agriculture and technology were not much changed in years
The Industrial Revolution changed human life drastically
More was created in the last 250+ years than in the previous years of known human history

3. Industrialism Begins Industrialism
New economic system
Rely on machinery rather than animal and human power
Before industrialism most people lived in small farming villages
Cottage industries
Began in the “textile” industry
Woven cloth

4. Industrialism Begins Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Begins in the mid 1700s
New Ways of Working
The IR greatly increases out-put of machine made goods
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way
Enclosures – large farm fields enclosed by fences
Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned by village farmers
Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural methods

5. The Beginnings of Industrialization
Rotating Crops
Crop rotation – switching crops each year to avoid soil depletion
Selective Breeding – Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve the food supply

6. Why did the IR begin in Britain?
Britain had all of the factors of production
Land, labor, and capital
Britain had the necessary natural resources
Coal, iron, rivers, harbors
Expanding economy encouraged development
Developed banking system, overseas trade (with colonies), economic prosperity
Political stability

7. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in the Textile Industry
Flying Shuttle (1733)
John Kay
Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

8. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Spinning Jenny (1764)
James Hargreaves
One spinner could work eight thread at a time

9. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Water Frame (1769)
Richard Arkwright
Machines could now be powered by water, not just hand

10. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Power Loom (1787)
Edmund Cartwright
Sped up the weaving process

11. Inventions Spur Industrialization
Changes in the Textile Industry
Cotton Gin (1793)
Eli Whitney
Multiplied the amount of cotton produced
Result:
1760: Britain Imports 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton; mostly processed by hand in cottage system
1787: Britain Imports 22 million pounds of raw cotton; mostly processed by machines and water power
1840: Britain Imports 366 million tons; mostly processed in factories by steam power
Development of Factories
Buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing
First factories needed to be near rivers for water power

12. Necessity is the Mother of Invention
The process of inventing never ends, one invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

13. The First Factories

14. Improvements in Transportation
Steam Engine
Need for cheap, convenient power
Steam becomes important source of energy
James Watt improves the steam engine
Water Transportation
First steamboat “Clermont”
Robert Fulton in 1807
Road Transportation
British roads are improved
Companies operate toll roads
Beginning of the railroad

15. Significance of the Steam Engine
Requires a specialized facility for its use near a ready source of coal
Coal mining
Changed the location of factories, freeing the factory to be located in the most economical location

16. The Railway Age Begins Railroads Revolutionize Life
The Railroad System
Spurs industrial growth
Creates jobs
Provides cheaper transportation
Boosts many industries: agriculture, fishing
Causes people to move
to cities

17. The Railway Age Begins First Railroad Line
George Stephenson (1825)
Liverpool-Manchester Line (1829)
Used Stephenson’s “Rocket”
World’s first locomotive

18. The Impact of the Railroad

19. Industrialization Industrialization Changes Life
Factory Work
Pays more than farms
Spurs the demand for more expensive goods
Rise of Industrial Cities
Urbanization – movement of people to city
Population growth provides work force, markets for goods
Major cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham

21. The Working Class Living Conditions Rapid Urbanization caused:
Cities without adequate housing, education, and police protection
Urban slums
Disease and sickness spread quickly
Life span is only 17 years
Lack of sanitary & building codes

23. The Working Class Working Conditions Average workday – 14-16 hours
6 days a week, year round
Dirty, poorly lit factories
Mind-numbing monotony
Numerous injuries and death
No health insurance
No labor laws
Eventually replaced by machines
Huge population means large unemployment

24. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

25. The Rise of the Middle Class
Factories helped to create a new group of people – the middle class
Skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, managers, and professionals
Had a comfortable standard of living
Looked down upon by aristocrats and landowners

26. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Immediate Benefits
Creates jobs
Enriches nation
Encourages technological progress
Education expands
Cheaper goods, including clothing
Long Term Effects
Improved standard of living
Improved working conditions
Increase in taxes lead to urban improvements

27. Industrialization Spreads
The Rise of Corporations
Stock
Limited ownership rights for company
Sold to raise money
Corporation
Company owned by stockholders
Share profits not debts
Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can

28. Philosophers of Industrialization
Laissez-faire Economics
Policy of not interfering with business
“The Wealth of Nations”
Published by Adam Smith
Defended free markets & laissez-faire
Economic liberty guarantees economic progress
Economic natural laws
Self-interest
Competition
Supply and Demand

29. The Economists of Capitalism
System of privately owned businesses seeking profits
Malthus and Ricardo
Thomas Malthus
Believed populations grew faster than the food supply
Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result
David Ricardo
Saw a permanent poor underclass that provided cheap labor

30. The Rise of Socialism Socialism Power of the Government
Factors of production owned by, operated for the people
Power of the Government
Government control can end poverty and bring equality

31. Radical Socialism – Karl Marx
The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Fundamental Beliefs
Society divided into warring classes
The “haves” vs. the “have-nots”
The “haves”
Employers or bourgeoisie
The “have-nots”
The workers or proletariat
Prediction
The workers will overthrow the owners

32. The Future According to Marx
Capitalism will destroy itself
Inequality would cause workers to revolt
This would lead to communism
Society where people own and share the means of production
What are the “means of production”?
Land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses

33. Labor Unions and Reform Laws
What is a union?
Association formed by laborers to work for change
What do they do?
Negotiate for better wages and conditions
Who were the first to do this?
Skilled workers are the first to unionize
How were they able to do this?
Movement in US and UK to fight to right to unionize

34. Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Laws were passed to stop abuses of industrialization
Examples of reform laws
Maximum workday
Ending or limiting of child labor

35. The Reform Movement Spreads
Abolition of Slavery
Reformers help to end slavery
In British Empire (1833)
The Americas (1888)
Fight for Women’s Rights
Pursuit of economic and social rights as early as 1848, Seneca Falls Convention
Founding of the International Council for Women (1888)