1. Lecturer Ms. Abrar Mujaddidi LANE 321
8/1/2018 3:27 AM
Morphology
Lecturer Ms. Abrar Mujaddidi
LANE 321
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2. Introduction
In many languages, what seems to be a single form, turn out to contain many ‘word-like ‘forms’.
e.g. In Swahili nitakupenda
In English I will love you
This raises up a question of ‘what are words’?
A better way of looking at linguistic forms in different languages is to look at the ‘elements’ rather than the words.

3. What is morphology? Morphology is the study of word structure.
It is also the study of how these words are built and the rules which govern them.
It basically deals with morphemes.

4. Morphemes
In English, some words are made of a number of smaller elements.
e.g. Talk, talks, talker, talking, talked
Morphemes are ‘minimal units of meaning or grammatical function’
e.g. reopened re+open+ed
tourists tour+ist+s

5. Free and bound morphemes
Free morphemes:
morphemes that can stand by themselves like open and tour
Bound morphemes:
Forms that cannot stand alone and are typically attached to another form such as re-, -less, -ed.
All affixes in English are bound morphemes.

6. cont., undressed un- dress -ed prefix stem suffix bound free bound
The basic word forms are technically known as the stem.

7. Lexical and functional morpheme
free morphemes
Lexical morphemes functional morphemes
nouns, adjective, conjunctions, prepositions
adverbs Articles, pronouns
- Open class of words closed class of words

8. Derivational and functional morphemes
bound morphemes
Derivational morphemes inflectional morphemes
Bound morphemes used to morphemes used to indicate
Create new words or words aspects of the grammatical
With different grammatical functions of the word
functions
e.g. –ness good goodness eg. -er small smaller
-ment pay payment ed talk talked

9. Morphs and Allomorphs

10. Morphs and Allomorphs Morphs are the actual realization of morphemes.
Morphemes are abstract units, morphs are discrete units.
Some morphemes are realized by one or more morphs
according to their position in a word or a sentence : allomorph.

11. Other Languages
Refer to the book and the exercises

12. Thank You 