1. Parke County, Indiana THE INDIANA PREVENTION RESOURCE CENTER
GIS in Prevention County Profiles Series, No. 3
Parke County, Indiana
Barbara Seitz de Martinez, PhD, MLS, CPP
The Indiana Prevention Resource Center at Indiana University is funded, in part, by a contract with the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, financially supported through HHS/Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant. The IPRC is operated by the Department of Applied Health Science and The School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation.

2. GIS in Prevention County Profile Series, No. 3
Parke County, Indiana
Barbara Seitz de Martinez, PhD, MLS, CPP
Project Staff:
Ritika Bhawal, MPH
Solomon Briggs
Kyoungsun Heo, MPA
Srinivasa Konchada
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
Opinions expressed herein are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of the Trustees of Indiana University or the Division of Mental Health and Addiction. Indiana University accepts full Responsibility for the content of this publication. ©2005 The Trustees of Indiana University. Permission is extended to reproduce this County Profile for non-profit educational purposes. All other rights reserved.

3. 6.6 - 6.15 Archival Risk Factors
Community Risk Factors: Laws & Norms
Introduction: Community Laws/Norms
HH Spending on Alcohol
HH Spending on Tobacco
Adult Tobacco Behavior
Tobacco Production
Intensity of Inspection (TRIP)
Gambling Locations
Adult Gambling Behaviors
Hoosier Lottery Statistics
Crime Statistics: Introduction
Crime Indices: Main Categories
Crime Indices: Specific Crimes
FBI UCR – All Arrests
FBI UCR – Juvenile Arrests
Alcohol Related Crashes
More Alcohol Related Crashes
Community Risk Factors: Transitions & Mobility
Net Migration (Domestic and International)

4. Introduction: Community Risk Factors
A child’s view of normal is critically impacted by the child’s environment: the sights, sounds, tastes, textures, and smells of the child’s world: “Infants participate, from birth on, in sociocultural activities that are committed to cultural goals and values . . .” (Keller, et al. 2004) If the child grows up seeing drugs and drug use portrayed in a positive manner on local billboards and local television and modeled at home and elsewhere in the child’s community, the presence of drugs (and hence potential availability) and use of drugs easily becomes the child’s norm. In this circumstance logic suggests it would be “norm-al” for the child to have the expectation that later in life he or she, too, for better or worse, may use drugs. As success tends to beget success, and good parenting practices tend to be replicated by the children raised in that environment, so unfortunately, those who are abused are more likely to become abusers, and those raised in a climate of drug use are more likely to become users.
The smell of cigarettes, the feel of icy beer bottles and of delicate wine glasses, song lyrics glamorizing drug use, and the over-use of over-the-counter or prescription medications to eliminate every small discomfort creates a notion of normal that impacts the child’s expectations of human behavior, including his or her own. In some instances, it can be difficult to separate family norms and community norms. Many factors contribute to the creation of community norms, including family traditions, public policies, and law enforcement practices. In general, community norms will be the outcome of the beliefs and practices of all the community’s governmental, educational, social, religious, and business enterprises.
Drug use modeling by adults in a community creates an environment that is more hospitable and encouraging of drug use by youth. This modeling takes place within and outside of the home. Since the statistics don’t separate adults from family settings from other adults, we have included adult behaviors with regard to drugs as a community indicator and simply mention it again in the context of family indicators. Still, clearly, this information from a community has strong implications for family settings as well, since one could assume that a significant number of those adults live in family settings. Each County Profile contains several maps and tables comparing the block groups in a county for the counts and percents of adults who smoke cigarettes or cigars, drink alcohol, or gamble. Where possible, indicator data is given in terms of per household amounts.
Heide Keller, et al., 2004 “The Bio-Culture of Parenting: Evidence from Five Cultural Communities,” Parenting: Science and Practice 4/1 (2004):25-50.

5. 6.6 Household Spending on Alcohol
The following table presents per household spending on alcohol for the year for this county, the state and the nation.
Per Household Spending on Alcohol, 2004 est. (AGS, 2005)
Parke Co.
Indiana
U.S.
Consumer spending on alcoholic beverages
391
439
460
Spending on Alcohol for Consumption outside the Home
165
188
197
Beer and ale away from home 55 62 65
Wine away from home 25 29 30
Whiskey away from home 42 48 50
Alcohol On Out-Of-Town Trips 43 49 52
Spending on Alcohol for Consumption in the Home
223
250
261
Beer and ale at home
130
145
152
Wine at home 53 60 63
Whiskey and other liquor at home 40 45 46
Table 6.6: Per Household Spending on Alcohol (AGS, Consumer Spending 2004, 2005)

6. Map: Spending on Beer/Ale for Home
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
AGS, Consumer Spending,
2004 est., 2005

7. 6.7 Household Spending on Tobacco
The following table shows per household spending on tobacco products. To give a better perspective we will compare this figure to household spending on miscellaneous reading materials and personal insurance.
Per Household Spending on Tobacco, 2004, est. (AGS, 2005)
County
Parke Co.
Indiana
U.S.
Per Household Spending on Tobacco Products
383
428
443
Cigarettes
347
388
400
Other Tobacco Products 36 41 44
Per Household Spending on Misc. Reading
218
245
257
Newspapers 97
109
114
Magazines 46 52 54
Books 75 84 88
Personal insurance
465
523
552
Table 6.7: Per Household Spending on Tobacco Products, Miscellaneous Reading and Personal Insurance (AGS, Consumer Spending 2004, 2005)

8. 6.8 Tobacco Production
Many counties in Indiana produce tobacco. Economic dependence upon tobacco influences community norms regarding smoking. It is therefore important to take into account which counties produce tobacco, the prevalence of production, number of farms producing tobacco, acres in tobacco production, and pounds of tobacco harvested. If the county does not produce tobacco, the rest of this page will be empty.
Table 6.8: Tobacco Production, Source: Department of Agriculture,

9. 6.9 Youth Access to Tobacco
The IPRC is grateful to Sergeant Poindexter, State Director of the Indiana Tobacco Retailer Inspection Program (TRIP) and to Desiree Goetze, Coordinator of TRIP at the Indiana Prevention Resource Center, and to the staff and police officers of TRIP for all the support they have given to this project.
The IPRC has studied the TRIP data generously made available by the Indiana State Excise Police and has created two additional statistical measurements:
for the intensity of inspections (the number of inspections relative to the total number of outlets);
for the number of inspections per capita for the population of youth most likely to seek access to tobacco, (i.e., youth ages 10-17).
Intensity of inspection can be viewed as one of many possible indicators of the degree of a county’s involvement in activities to create or maintain a community norm that youth access to tobacco is not tolerated.

10. 6.9 Intensity of Inspection (TRIP)
This table presents summary information relevant to the Tobacco Retail Inspection Program (TRIP) and tobacco access for minors. The Intensity of Inspection is one indicator of the degree of determination to establish and maintain a social norm of “no tolerance” for the sale of tobacco to minors and youth access to tobacco. This table also includes rankings of key variables.
Table 6.9: Intensity of TRIP Inspections and Related Statistics, Calculations for 2004 Based on Data from the TRIP Program (ATC, Indiana State Excise Police, 2005)
TRIP Inspection Data, Parke Co. (using data for 2004 from IN State Excise Police), ATC 2005
County Name
Parke
Indiana
Intensity of Inspection
0.32
1.50
No of Inspections per 1,000 Youth, 10-17
4.15
10.30
Population Age, 10-17
1,926
720,070
Total Population
17,360
6,230,346
Total No. of Tobacco Retail Outlets 25
4938
Total Inspections Completed 8
7416
Failed Inspections 1
981
Percent, Failed Inspections
12.50%
13.23%
Percent, Passed Inspections
87.50%
86.77%
Ranking (1-78) for % Failed Inspections 40
Ranking (1-78) for % Passed Inspections 45

11. 6.10 Gambling Casinos & Race Tracks
The presence of gambling establishments -- like the presence of tobacco and alcohol outlets, billboards and other forms of advertising – provides information on community environment and, because of the relationship between gambling and ATOD use, would appear to be an indicator of risk for ATOD problems in a community. Below is a listing of casinos and horse-racing establishments located in this county. The rest of the page will be blank if there are no casinos or horse-racing establishments in this county.

12. 6.11a Adult Gambling Behavior
Like the modeling of smoking and drinking, gambling by adults sets a tone for youth expectations about what it means to be an adult. This report includes maps and tables detailing gambling behaviors by persons 18 and older. The following tables describe gambling and related leisure activities by persons ages 18 and over. Also included is a ranking for any casino gambling.
Adult Gambling Behaviors, 2004 est. (2005) Percent of Households
County
Parke
Indiana
U.S.
Current Year Estimated Households
6,508
2,465,349
112,708,665
Casino Gambling (Any)
18.7
19.6
19.5
Atlantic City gambling
2.8
4.2
4.3
Las Vegas gambling
4.4
5.8
6.4
Mississippi Gulf Coast gambling
1.5
1.4
1.3
Reno gambling
1.1
1.2
Other casino gambling
10.9
9.6
8.7
Rank for Any Casino Gambling 72
27th of 51
Table 6.11a.1: Adult Gambling Behaviors (Casino Gambling) (MRI, Consumer Behavior Lifestyle 2004, 2005)

13. Casino Gambling Indiana Prevention Resource Center
Source: AGS Consumer Behavior, 2004 (2005)

14. 6.11b Adult Gambling Behavior
The following table compares the percent of households which engaged in leisure activities related to gambling (playing bingo, playing cards, and attending horseraces) in this county compared to the state and nation.
Leisure Activities, 2004 est. (2005) Percent of Households
County
Parke
Indiana
U.S.
Current Year Estimated Households
6,508
2,465,349
112,708,665
Play bingo
3.4
3.5
3.7
Play cards
21.9
21.3
Attend Horse Races
2.6 3
Table 6.11b.2: Leisure Activities by Household (bingo, playing cards, attending horse races) (MRI, Consumer Behavior Lifestyle 2004, 2005)

15. Playing Bingo Indiana Prevention Resource Center
Source: AGS Consumer Behavior, 2004 (2005)

16. 6.11c Gambling: Hoosier Lottery Sales
The following statistics show Hoosier Lottery sales by zip code for this county from the fiscal year.
Hoosier Lottery Sales by Zip Code for Parke County for Fiscal Year 2004 (Hoosier Lottery)
Zip Code
City
Scratch Off
Draw
Pull-Tabs
TOTAL
47862
MONTEZUMA
$185,935
$69,337
$60,144
$315,416
47872
ROCKVILLE
$538,314
$300,730
$43,344
$882,388
47874
ROSEDALE
$68,986
$53,852
$122,838
County Totals:
$793,235
$423,919
$103,488
$1,320,642
IN Totals:
$422,608,706
$291,464,296
$18,897,312
$732,970,314
Table 6.11c: Hoosier Lottery Sales by Zip Code, Fiscal Year 2004 (Hoosier Lottery, 2005)

17. 6.12 Crime Statistics: Introduction
People prefer to reside and businesses prefer to locate where they feel safe to move about, to study and to work. Levels of criminal activity in an area constitute an environmental influence on many aspects of life. People plan their lives taking into account levels of danger associated with activities. How late at night is it safe to be out? on foot? by car? alone? with a group?
For a child, the nature of their environment and the behaviors of their family, friends, neighbors, classmates, and community members strongly contribute to the child’s view of the world and of human nature, and to the child’s expectations for his or her own future behaviors and fate. If people close to the child model criminal behaviors or are often victims of the same, the child will likely hold expectations, including fears, of encountering similar future circumstances.
Hence crime statistics are a useful insight into the character of a place and are important to consider in prevention planning. A prevention program needs to be conducted in a safe place and at a time when it is safe for people to attend. The prevention professionals planning the program could consider specific activities designed to confront, enhance, or offer alternatives to norms and role modeling prevalent in the child’s world.
Data about crimes, arrests and convictions is not collected in any one central location in the state of Indiana at this time.

18. 6.12a Crime Indices
One of the best sources of data available for Indiana at this time is the Crime Risk database published by AGS, who use the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report. Because the level and methods of reporting information to the FBI vary by jurisdiction, information about specific crimes should be viewed as a general indicator rather than for exact precision or exact comparisons.
The AGS Crime Risk Index describes the risk of various types of crime in a given geographic area (e.g., city or state) by comparing the rate of crime in that location to the rate of crime in the nation as a whole. The crime rate for the U.S. is set to 100 for all crimes. Hence a rate of 200 means that the risk of crime in that place is twice as high as for the nation as a whole. (Think of these numbers not as counts of criminal incidents, but as degrees of risk. Hence, an index of 200 means that while the risk of this crime is x per 1000 persons for the nation as a whole, it is 2x per 1000 for the community in question). The following table shows the Crime Indices for Total Crime, Property Crime and Personal Crime. This table shows indices for this county, compared to Indiana and the nation.
Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR)
County
Parke
Indiana
U.S.
IN Rank in US
Total Crime Index 23 93
101
30th of 51
Personal Crime Index 20 74
26th of 51
Property Crimes 21
110
102
27th of 51
Table 6.12a: Total Crime, Property Crime, and Personal Crime Indices, (AGS Crime Risk 2004, 2005)

19. 6.12a Crime Indices -- Rankings
The following table shows the ranking of this county among Indiana’s 92 counties, and the ranking of Indiana relative to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) -- Rankings
Parke
IN Rank in US
Rank Total Crime Index 64
30th of 51
Rank Personal Crime 61
26th of 51
Rank Property Crimes 63
27th of 51
Table 6.12a: Total Crime, Property Crime, and Personal Crime Indices, (AGS Crime Risk 2004, 2005)

20. Map: Total Crime Indices
Bottom Quarter, Middle Range, Highest Quarter (above 56, above IN & over US)
Above US (7),
Above IN (10),
Top Quarter (22),
Mid Range (48), 20-56
Lowest Quarter (22), 7-20
AGS, Crime Indices
2004 (2005)
Indiana Prevention Resource Center

21. Map: Personal Crime Indices
Bottom Quarter; Mid Range (17-42); Top Quarter (above 42, above IN, above US)
Above US (2),
Above IN (6),
Top Quarter (22),
Mid Range (46), 17-42
Lowest Quarter (24), 7-17
AGS, Crime Indices
2004 (2005)
Indiana Prevention Resource Center

22. Map: Property Crime Indices
Bottom Quarter, Mid Range, Top Quarter (includes over IN & over US)
Above US (9),
Above IN (12),
Top Quarter (23),
Mid Range (46), 19-64
Lowest Quarter (23), 4-19
AGS, Crime Indices
2004 (2005)
Indiana Prevention Resource Center

23. 6.12b Crime Indices – Specific Crimes
The following table shows the Crime Indices for specific property and personal crimes. The method is to compare the risk in a given location to the general crime risk for the nation as a whole. We see that in the context of the U.S., Indiana is generally safer than other places for risk of robbery, but is more dangerous for risk of murder. See the Appendix Glossary for definitions of these crimes. This table shows indices for this county, compared to Indiana and the nation (which is the point of comparison) and rankings comparing this county to the other 92 counties.
Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR)
Parke
Indiana US
Personal Crime Index 20 74
101
Murder Index 28
107
100
Rape Index 45 94
Robbery Index 7 76
Assault Index 15 70
Property Crime Index 21
110
102
Burglary Index 49 98
Larceny Index
109
Motor Vehicle Theft Index
142
Table 6.12b: Specific Crimes, Indices (AGS Crime Risk 2004, 2005)

24. 6.12b Crime Indices – Specific Crimes – Rankings
The following table shows the ranking of this county among Indiana’s 92 counties, and the ranking of Indiana relative to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Crime Indices, 2004 (AGS, 2005, based on FBI UCR) -- Rankings
Parke
IN Rank in US
Rank Personal Crime 61
26th of 51
Rank Murder 51
18th of 51
Rank Rape 30
28th of 51
Rank Robbery 57
25th of 51
Rank Assault 69
29th of 51
Rank Property Crime 63
27th of 51
Rank Burglary 31
21st of 51
Rank Larceny 80
24th of 51
Rank Motor Vehicle Theft 74
7th of 51
Table 6.12b: Specific Crimes, Indices (AGS Crime Risk 2004, 2005)

25. 6.13a FBI UCR: All Arrests
The following data is from the FBI Uniform Crime Report as published by the University of Virginia Library website. Below are data for all arrests for crimes, including drug arrests, for the indicated year and rankings comparing this county to the other 92 counties.
FBI UCR All Arrests, 2002:2005
Parke
Sale/Manufacturing of Drugs 9
Marijuana Sale/Manufacture 4
Opium/Cocaine Sale/Manufacture 3
Synthetic Drug Sale/Manufacture 2
Gambling
Sexual Offenses
Prostitution & Communication
Sex Offenses
Select Behaviors
Disorderly Conduct 12
Runaway Juveniles
Weapons Violations
FBI UCR All Arrests, 2002:2005
Parke
Coverage
Alcohol-Related Arrests
Liquor Law Violation 37
Driving Under the Influence 94
Drunkenness 26
Drug Possession: 31
Marijuana 22
Opium/Cocaine 3
Other Drug Possession 2
Other Dangerous Narcotic 1
Synthetic Drug Possession 4
Table 6.13a: All Arrests, including Drug Arrests, 2003 (FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 2005, from September 2005).

26. 6.13b FBI UCR: Juvenile Arrests
The following data is from the FBI Uniform Crime Report as published by the University of Virginia Library website. Below are data for juvenile arrests for crimes, including drug arrests, for the indicated year and rankings comparing this county to the other 92 counties.
Juvenile Arrests, FBI UCR, 2002 (2005)
Parke
Coverage
Number of Agencies in County Report Arrests 2
Total Co. Population - Agencies Reporting Arrests
17464
Alcohol-Related Arrests:
Liquor Law Violation 7
Driving Under the Influence 1
Drunkenness
Drug Possession (Subtotal) 3
Marijuana Possession
Opium/Cocaine Possession
Other Drug Possession
Other Dangerous Non-Narcotics
Synthetic Narcotics Possession
Juvenile Arrests, FBI UCR, 2002 (2005)
Parke
Drug Abuse Sale/Manufacture
Marijuana Sale/Manufacture
Opium/Cocaine Sale/Manufacture
Synthetic Drug Sale/Manufacture
Drug Abuse Violations - Total 4
Gambling
Select Behaviors:
Disorderly Conduct 2
Runaway Juveniles 12
Sex Offenses
Weapons Violations
Table 6.13b Juvenile Arrests, including Drug Arrests, 2003 (FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 2005, from September 2005).

27. 6.14 Alcohol-Related Crashes
The Indiana Council on Drugged and Dangerous Driving through the Indiana Criminal Justice Institute publishes crash data for each county. The most recent of data on drivers involved in fatal crashes by blood alcohol content of the driver are included in the following tables:
Alcohol Related Crashes, FARS, 2004 data (2006)
County
PARKE
Indiana
BAC 0 (No.) 2
648
BAC 0 (%) 90 68
BAC (No.) 45
BAC (%) 5
BAC .08 (No.)
254
BAC .08 (%) 10 27
Total Alc-Related Killed (No.)
299
Total Alc-Related Killed (%) 32
Total Killed (No.)
947
Total Killed (%)
100
Table 6.14a.: Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes by Blood Alcohol Content of the Driver, 2001 (Indiana Criminal Justice Institute, 2003)

28. 6.14 Alcohol-Related Crashes
The Indiana Council on Drugged and Dangerous Driving through the Indiana Criminal Justice Institute publishes crash data for each county. The following table compares figures for 1994 and 2001 for the estimated percent of alcohol-related fatalities and drivers with BAC 0.08 or greater in fatal crashes.
Parke County, Alcohol and Fatal Crash Information by Year, Gender and Age, FARS (2005)
Year
Gender
AgeCat
Fatality Alcohol Positive Crash
Fatality Alcohol Negative Crash
Drinking Driver
Driver Not Drinking
2003
Male
Ages 12 thru 17 1
Ages 35 thru 54
Ages 65 and over
Female
Ages 55 thru 64
Table 6.14b: Estimated Percent of Alcohol-Related Fatalities and Drivers with BAC 0.08 or Greater in Fatal Crashes, 2005 (Indiana Criminal Justice Institute) .

29. Community Risk Factors: Transitions & Migration
& Mobility
6.15 Net Migration
Periods of transition and frequent mobility are risk factors for substance abuse and other problems. Examples include the period of transition from middle school to high school, and from high school to college or work. Moving creates a period of transition and places a person at higher risk, e.g., moving from one neighborhood to another, from place to place or from job to job, or from incarceration to life in the community. For studies of a local neighborhood, the Department of Education web site offers information on retention and drop-out or transfers from neighborhood schools. The IYI web site offers data for the county on graduation rates, drop out rates, etc.
Community Risk Factors: Transitions & Migration
An excellent indicator of the “transitions and mobility” indicator is the figure for net migration. Data for domestic and international migration from the U.S. Census Bureau is summarized in the following table.
Net Migration, 2003 to 2004 (U.S. Census Bureau, via STATS Indiana, 2006)
Parke
Indiana
Net Domestic Migration (change 2002 to 2003)
-120
-3082
Net International Migration (change 2002 to 2003) -1
10841
Natural Increase (Births Minus Deaths ) 7
30062
Table 6.15: Net Migration (U.S. Census Bureau, 2005)