1. PowerPoint to accompany Essentials of Medical Language Allan, Lockyer
Chapter 2:
The Body as a Whole
The Essentials of the Language of Anatomy
Talking Points:
Effective medical treatment recognizes that each organ, tissue, and cell in the body, no matter where it is situated, functions in harmony with and affects every other organ, tissue, and cell.
To understand these concepts, a student needs to be able to:
• Describe the medical terms of the different anatomical planes, directions, and body regions.
• Integrate individual body systems into the organization and function of the body as a whole.
• Comprehend, spell, and write medical terms pertaining to the body as a whole so that he or she can communicate and document accurately and precisely.
• Recognize and pronounce medical terms pertaining to the body as a whole so that he or she can communicate verbally with accuracy and precision.

2. Lesson 2.1: Anatomical Positions, Planes, and Directions
The Body as a Whole
Lesson 2.1:
Anatomical Positions, Planes,
and Directions
Talking Points:
Terms have been developed over the past several thousand years to enable people to describe clearly where different anatomical structures and lesions are in relation to each other. To do this, the student needs to be able to:
• Define the fundamental anatomical position on which all descriptions of anatomical locations are based.
• Describe the medical terminology of the different anatomical planes and directions.
• Relate these terms to physical sites on the body.
• Locate the body cavities.
• Identify the medical terminology of the four abdominal quadrants and nine regions.

3. Fundamental Anatomical Position
The body is standing erect with feet flat on the floor, face and eyes facing forward, and arms at the sides with the palms facing forward.
Talking Points:
Ask students to define the meaning of anatomical position.
It is when the body is standing erect with feet flat on the floor, face and eyes facing forward, and arms at sides with palms facing forward.
A person who lies down flat on his or her back is supine. When the palms face
forward, the forearm is supine. A person who lies down flat on his or her belly is
prone. When the palms face backward, the forearm is prone.
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4. Anatomical Directional Terms
Anatomical position and directional terms
Talking Points:
Ask students to define the terms proximal and distal.
Which structure is superior: the shoulders or hips? The shoulders are superior.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis
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5. Anatomical Directional Terms
Define the following directional terms:
superior
inferior
proximal
distal
anterior
posterior
Talking Points:
superior—situated above (above the waist)
inferior—situated below
proximal—situated nearest to the center of the body
distal—situated away from the center of the body
anterior—situated in front (the front surface of the body)
posterior—situated in back (the back surface of the body)
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6. Anatomical Planes Anatomical planes 2-6 Talking Points:
The body is viewed through imaginary slices.
There are three major anatomical planes.
Have students identify the three planes. Transverse/horizontal, sagittal, and frontal/coronal.
Which areas of the body are considered to be superior to and inferior to the transverse plane? Superior is above waist; inferior is below waist.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis
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7. Word Analysis and Definition
Describe the differences between the two listed terms:
– caudal vs. cephalic
near to the tail vs. near to the head
– supine vs. prone
lying on back vs. lying on stomach
– proximal vs. distal
near to center of body vs. farther from center
of body
Talking Points:
Have students identify the differences between the terms:
caudal vs. cephalic
supine vs. prone
proximal vs. distal
Answers are found on the slide after a mouse click under each of the terms.
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8. Word Analysis and Definition
Identify the roots of the following words and their meanings:
– coronal
– ventral
– dorsal
Talking Points:
Ask students to identify the root and meaning of the following terms:
Coronal: coron, crown; a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Ventral: ventr, belly; pertaining to the belly or situated nearer the belly.
Dorsal: dors, back; pertaining to the back or situated behind.
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9. Body Cavities There are five major body cavities 2-9 Talking Points:
Identify the five body cavities. Cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic.
Ask students what structures are found in each body cavity.
Ask students to identify the only cavity that opens directly to the outside of the body, the abdominal cavity.
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10. Abdominal Quadrants and Regions
Talking Points:
The abdomen is divided into 4 quadrants; have students name them.
Provide students with the abbreviations for the quadrants—RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ.
In a healthy bowel, bowel sounds will be heard in all four quadrants.
The mid-abdomen is also divided into 3 regions; have students name them: epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis
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11. Word Analysis and Definition
Describe the difference between the following two terms whose root means stomach:
– epigastric
– hypogastric
Talking Points:
Using the terms epigastric and hypogastric, demonstrate to students how a prefix changes the meaning of a word.
Epigastric means above the stomach. Ask students to point to their epigastric region.
Hypogastric means below the stomach. Have students point to their hypogastric region.
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12. Lesson 2.2: Organization of the Body
The Body as a Whole
Lesson 2.2:
Organization of the Body
Talking Points:
All the different elements of the body interact with one other to enable the body to be in constant change as it reacts to the environment and to the nourishment it is given. To understand the structure and function of the elements of the body, the student needs to be able to:
• Name the medical terms associated with cells, tissues, and organs.
• Discuss the medical terminology for the major structures and functions of a cell.
• Describe the structures and functions of the nucleus and mitochondria.
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13. Composition of the Body
The body is composed of:
– organs
– tissues
– cells
– organelles
Talking Points:
The body is composed of many structures.
The whole body or organism is composed of organ systems.
• Organ systems are composed of organs.
• Organs are composed of tissues.
• Tissues are composed of cells.
• Cells are composed in part of organelles.

14. Composition of the Body
Zygote
Talking Points:
The cell is the building block of a human.
A zygote is a single, fertilized cell and the beginning of a human being.
Each cell has its own function within the body.
The result of the fertilization of an egg by a sperm is a single fertilized cell, the
zygote (Figure 2.6 ). This cell is the origin of every cell in the body. It divides and
multiplies into millions of cells that are the basic unit of every tissue and organ.
© Francis Leroy, BIOCOSMOS/Photo Researchers, Inc.

15. Composition of the Body
Cytology
– definition
– importance
Talking Points:
Cytology is the study of cellular structure and function.
Understanding cell function and structure is the basis for understanding the human body and how it works.
Cytologists identify both normal and abnormal cell function and growth. Physicians depend on cytologists to identify abnormal cells in order to treat and care for patients with tissue abnormalities, such as cancer.

16. Word Analysis and Definition
Pronounce the following words:
cytology = SIGH-tol-oh-jee
fertilization = FER-til-eye-ZAY-shun
tissue = TISH-you
zygote = ZYE-goat
Talking Points:
Have students practice pronouncing the following terms. The bolded syllable is where the emphasis occurs in the word.
Define the words after pronouncing them correctly.
Cytology is the study of the cell.
Fertilization means the union of a male sperm and a female egg.
Tissue is a collection of similar cells. Each type of tissue in a particular organ is made up of the same type of cells.
Zygote is a fertilized egg.

17. Word Analysis and Definition
Identify the root in the following words:
– cytologist
cyt/o-
– organelle
organ-
– molecular
molec-
Talking Points:
Breaking down a word into the elements can assist you in defining a word.
Have students identify the roots of the following words:
Cytologist: cyt/o; specialist in the structure, chemistry, and
pathology of the cell.
Organelle: organ; part of a cell having specialized function(s).
Molecular: molec; a very small particle.

18. Structure and Function of Cells
Every cell carries out these basic functions of life:
Manufactures proteins and lipids.
Produces and uses energy.
Communicates with other cells.
Replicates deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Reproduces itself.
Talking Points:
Cytology is the study of cellular structure and function.
Understanding cell function and structure is the basis for understanding the human body and how it works.
Cytologists identify both normal and abnormal cell function and growth. Physicians depend on cytologists to identify abnormal cells in order to treat and care for patients with tissue abnormalities, such as cancer.
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19. Structure and Function of Cells
Nucleus
Talking Points:
The nucleus is the largest organelle of the cell.
Most cells have nuclei; red blood cells do not have nuclei.
The DNA responsible for duplicating the cell is found in the nucleus.
The nucleus is surrounded and protected by a nuclear membrane.

20. Word Analysis and Definition
Practice pronouncing the following words:
– cytoplasm
sigh-toe-plazm
– deoxyribonucleic acid
dee-ock-see-rye-boh-noo-klee-ik as-id
– mitochondria
my-toe-kon-dree-ah
Talking Points:
Assist the students in pronouncing the following words. Emphasize the syllables in bold typeface.
Define each one after correctly pronouncing it.
Cytoplasm: clear, gelatinous substance that forms the substance of a cell and surrounds the nucleus.
Deoxyribonucleic acid: better known as DNA, this is the source of hereditary characteristics.
Mitochondria: organelles that generate, store, and release energy for cell activities. They are the energy plant of a cell.

21. Word Analysis and Definition
Identify the roots of the following terms:
– catabolism
– chromosome
– nucleus
Talking Points:
Ask students to identify the roots of the following terms. After doing so, have them define the term.
Catabolism: catabol; breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones as a part of metabolism.
Chromosome: chrom/o; body in the nucleus that contains DNA and genes.
Nucleus: nucle; functional center of a cell or structure.

22. Lesson 2.3: Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
The Body as a Whole
Lesson 2.3:
Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
Talking Points:
The information in this lesson will enable the student to:
• Define the four primary tissue groups.
• Discuss the medical terminology for the structure and functions of each tissue group.
• Name the organ systems.
• Describe the medical terminology for the functions of each organ system.
[“YOU” CHANGED TO “STUDENT”]
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23. Tissues Primary tissue groups – connective – epithelial – muscle
– nervous
Talking Points:
There are four primary tissue groups within the body.
Connective tissue binds, supports, and protects.
Ask students to give examples of connective tissue. Blood, bone, cartilage, and fat.
Epithelial tissue protects, secretes, absorbs, and excretes.
Ask students to give examples of epithelial tissue. Skin covers the linings of internal organs and glands; muscle controls movement.
Ask students to give examples of muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones, smooth muscle is found in internal organs, and cardiac muscle is found in heart
Nervous tissue transmits impulses for coordination and sensory reception.
Ask students to give examples of nervous tissue. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

24. Connective Tissue in the Knee Joint
Talking Points:
What are the three bones of the knee joint? The three bones are the tibia, femur, and patella.
What is the difference between cartilage and ligaments? Cartilage is a rubbery, flexible substance. Ligaments are strips or bands of tough connective tissue.
What structure attaches muscle to bone? Tendon attaches muscle to the bone.
What purpose does synovial fluid serve? It allows a joint to move freely without friction. It also supplies nutrients to the joint cartilages.

25. Word Analysis and Definition
Pronounce the following words:
capsular = KAP-syu-lar
collagen = KOLL-ah-jen
periosteum = PER-ee-OSS-tee-um
Talking Points:
Have students practice pronouncing the following terms. The bolded syllable is where the emphasis occurs in the word.
Define the words after pronouncing them correctly.
Capsular: pertaining to a capsule.
Collagen: major protein of connective tissue, cartilage, and bone.
Periosteum: fibrous membrane covering a bone.
[DEFINED WORDS LOWERCASED FOLLOWED BY EM DASHES AND DEFINITIONS WITH NO PERIODS FOR CONSISTENCY]
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26. Organs and Organ Systems
The body is made up of 11 organ systems.
Talking Points:
Ask students to define organ system. An organ system consists of several organs working together to carry out a specific function.
Have students fill in the correct organ system in Table 2.2.
Have students correctly pronounce the name of each organ system.

27. Organs and Organ Systems
Muscular and skeletal systems are considered one organ system, the musculoskeletal system.
The muscular system contains the muscles. This system can cause movements, maintain posture, and produce body heat.
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28. Organs and Organ Systems
The skeletal system contains the bones, ligaments, and cartilages.
This system provides a framework, protects soft tissues, provides attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, and stores inorganic salts.
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29. Organs and Organ Systems
The cardiovascular system contains the heart and blood vessels.
This system moves blood and transport substances throughout the body.
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30. Organs and Organ Systems
The digestive system contains the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and small and large intestines.
This system receives, breaks down, and absorbs food. It also eliminates unabsorbed material.
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31. Keynote
Homeostasis is the coordinated response of all the organs to maintain the internal physiologic stability of an organism.
Talking Points:
Explain homeostasis to the students. An example might be in the response to stress, when breathing speeds up as does the heart rate. Why? To provide more oxygen and blood to tissues to allow the stressed person to run from the stressor.
Ask students to give examples of other body systems working together.
Ask students to give examples of things that may disrupt the body systems from working together.