1. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Part 1
JOSE A.S. SANTIAGO M.D.

2. The Muscular System
Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement
Three basic muscle types are found in the body
Skeletal muscle -voluntary
Cardiac muscle - involuntary
Smooth muscle (Visceral)
- involuntary

3. Nerve stimulus to muscles
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a nerve to contract
Motor unit
One neuron
Muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

4. Nerve stimulus to muscles
Neurotransmitter – chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse
The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is acetylcholine

5. Types of muscle contractions
Isotonic contractions
The muscle shortens
Isometric contractions
Tension in the muscles increases
The muscle is unable to shorten

6. Skeletal Attachments Origin Insertion - Attachment to immovable bone
- Attachment to movable bone

7. Skeletal Attachments 1. Ligaments 2. Tendons (cord-like structure)
Bone to bone
2. Tendons (cord-like structure)
Muscle to bone

8. Tenosynovium
Tendon sheath
- covering of a tendon

9. Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the tendon sheath

10. Skeletal Attachments
3. Aponeuroses
- Flat, sheet-like structure

11. Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle
1. Endomysium
– around single muscle fiber
2. Perimysium
– around a fascicle (bundle) of fibers

12. Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle
3. Epimysium
– covers the entire skeletal muscle
Figure 6.1

13. Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle
4. Fascia
- on the outside of the epimysium
- band of tissue surrounding the muscle
Figure 6.1

14. Fasci /o - fascia Fascial - pertaining to the fascia Fasciectomy
- excision of the fascia
Fascitis
- inflammation of the fascia
Fasciorrhaphy
-repair of the fascia

15. Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Flexion- bending a limb
Extension- stretching out a limb
Rotation- turning of body part about its axis
Abduction- drawing away from
Adduction- drawing toward
Circumduction- movement in a circular motion

16. Body Movements

17. Special Movements Dorsiflexion- bending the foot upward
Plantar flexion- foot bends toward the sole
Inversion- foot rotated inward
Eversion- foot rotated outward
Supination- turning the palm forward
Pronation- turning the palm backward
Opposition- moving the thumb opposite to the fingers

18. Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Direction of muscle fibers
Example: rectus (straight)
Relative size of the muscle
Example: maximus (largest)
Location of the muscle
Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis)
Number of origins
Example: triceps (three heads)

19. Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
Example: sterno (on the sternum)
Shape of the muscle
Example: deltoid (triangular)
Action of the muscle
Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)

20. Superficial Muscles: Anterior

21. Superficial Muscles: Posterior

22. Roots – Muscular Duct/o to draw Electr/o electric Fasci/o fascia
Kinesi/o movement
Lei/o smooth
Muscul/o; my/o muscle

23. Electr/o - electric Myo- muscle -graphy process of recording
Electromyography
-process of recording the electrical activity of muscle

24. Kinesi/o - movement -logy - study of Kinesiology - study of movement
-meter - instrument for measuring
Kinesimeter instrument for measuring movement

25. Lei/o - smooth My/o - muscle -oma - tumor Leiomyoma
- benign tumor of smooth muscle

26. Leiomy/o - smooth muscle
-sarcoma
- malignant tumor of connective tissue
Leiomyosarcoma
- malignant tumor of smooth muscle

27. Muscul/o - muscle Muscular- pertaining to muscle
Musculoskeletal- pertaining to muscle and skeleton

28. My/o - muscle -gram - record Electromyogram
-record of the electrical currents in a muscle

29. My/o - muscle
-algia - pain
Myalgia – muscle pain

30. My/o - muscle -algia - pain Fibr/o - fiber
Fibromyalgia - pain in fibrous tissues such as muscles, tendons and ligaments

31. My/o - muscle
-pathy - disease
Myopathy – any muscular disease

32. Myos/o - muscle
-itis - inflammation
Myositis -inflammation of muscle

33. Myos/o - muscle
Poly - many
Polymyositis -inflammation of many muscles

34. Rhabd/o - striped;striated
-oma - tumor Rhabdomyoma -benign tumor of striated muscles

35. Rhabd/o - striped;striated
Rhabdomyosarcoma
-malignant tumor of striated muscles

36. Rhabd/o - striped;striated
-lysis - breakdown Rhabdomyolysis -breakdown of striated muscle tissue

37. THANK YOU